Cyclic ethers, solid electrolytes containing such ethers and electrolytic cells produced therefrom
AssigneeValence Technology, Inc.
InventorsDale R. Shackle, Milton N. Golovin, Joseph T. Lundquist, Benjamin Chaloner-Gill
Life of this patent
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Abstract
This invention is directed to solid electrolytes containing a solvent and, in particular, a solvent comprising certain substituted tetrahydrofurans, substituted 1,3-dioxolanes, substituted 1,4-dioxanes, and substituted tetrahydropyrans.
Claims28
A solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic salt;
- and
- a solvent represented by Formula I:
- ##STR8## wherein m is an integer from 0 to 1;
- wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.9 R.sub.10)--, but when Y is oxygen, X is --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkyloxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- and
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3 where n is an integer from 0 to 3, with the proviso that when m=0, at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic salt;
- and
- a solvent represented by Formula II:
- ##STR9## wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3 where n is an integer from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic salt;
- and
- a solvent represented by Formula III:
- ##STR10## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen, and R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 is higher alkyl when R.sub.2 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic salt;
- and
- a solvent represented by Formula IV:
- ##STR11## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic slat;
- and
- a solvent represented by Formula V:
- ##STR12## wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and (CR.sub.9 R.sub.10);
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9 and hydrogen and R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 is --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3.
A solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic salt;
- and
- a solvent represented by Formula VI:
- ##STR13##
An electrolytic cell which comprises:
- an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and
- interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and
- a compatible solvent represented by Formula I ##STR14## wherein m is an integer from 0 to 1;
- wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.9 R.sub.10)--, but
- when Y is oxygen, X is --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkyloxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- and
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3 where in is an integer from 0 to 3, with the proviso that when m=0, at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
An electrolytic cell which comprises:
- an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and
- interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and
- a compatible solvent represented by Formula II:
- ##STR15## wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and
- --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3 where n is an integer from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
An electrolytic cell which comprises:
- an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and
- interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and
- a compatible solvent represented by Formula III:
- ##STR16## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen, and R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 is higher alkyl when R.sub.2 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
An electrolytic cell which comprises:
- an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and
- interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and
- a compatible solvent represented by Formula IV:
- ##STR17## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
An electrolytic cell which comprises:
- an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and
- interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and
- a compatible solvent represented by Formula V:
- ##STR18## wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and (CR.sub.9 R.sub.10);
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9 and hydrogen and R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 are
- independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 is --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3.
An electrolytic cell which comprises:
- an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and
- interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and
- a compatible solvent represented by Formula VI:
- ##STR19##
A method of increasing the cycle lifetime of a solid electrolytic cell comprising an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte which method comprises:
- selecting solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and a compatible solvent represented by Formula I:
- ##STR20## wherein m is an integer from 0 to 1;
- wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.9 R.sub.10)--, but when Y is oxygen, X is --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkyloxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- and
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3 where in is an integer from 0 to 3, with the proviso that when m=0, at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A method of increasing the cycle lifetime of a solid electrolytic cell comprising an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte which method comprises:
- selecting a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and a compatible solvent represented by Formula II:
- ##STR21## wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3 where n is an integer from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O[.sub.n CH.sub.3.
A method of increasing the cycle lifetime of a solid electrolytic cell comprising an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte which method comprises:
- selecting a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and a compatible solvent represented by Formula III:
- ##STR22## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen, and R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 is higher alkyl when R.sub.2 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A method of increasing the cycle lifetime of a solid electrolytic cell comprising an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte which method comprises:
- selecting a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and a compatible solvent represented by Formula IV:
- ##STR23## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A method of increasing the cycle lifetime of a solid electrolytic cell comprising an anode containing a compatible anodic material;
- a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte which method comprises:
- selecting a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and a compatible solvent represented by Formula V:
- ##STR24## wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and (CR.sub.9 R.sub.10);
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9 and hydrogen and R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 is --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3.
A method of increasing the cycle lifetime of a solid electrolytic cell comprising an anode containing a compatible anodic material, a cathode containing a compatible cathodic material;
- and interposed therebetween a solid electrolyte which method comprises:
- selecting a solid electrolyte comprising:
- a solid polymeric matrix;
- an inorganic ion salt;
- and a compatible solvent represented by Formula VI:
- ##STR25##
A cathode paste which comprises:
- from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of a compatible cathodic material;
- from about 1 to about 20 weight percent of an electro-conductive agent;
- from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of polyethylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of at least 100,000;
- at least about 5 to 30 weight percent of a solid matrix forming monomer or partial polymer thereof, and from about 10 to about 50 weight percent of a compatible solvent represented by Formula I:
- ##STR26## wherein m is an integer from 0 to 1;
- wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.9 R.sub.10)--, but when Y is oxygen, X is --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkyloxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- and
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3 where in is an integer from 0 to 3, with the proviso that when m=0, at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A cathode paste which comprises:
- from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of a compatible cathodic material;
- from about 1 to about 20 weight percent of an electro-conductive agent;
- from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of polyethylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of at least 100,000;
- at least about 5 to 30 weight percent of a solid matrix forming monomer or partial polymer thereof, and from about 10 to about 50 weight percent of a compatible solvent represented by Formula II:
- ##STR27## wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and --(CR.sub.1 R.sub.2)--;
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3 where n is an integer from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A cathode paste which comprises:
- from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of a compatible cathodic material;
- from about 1 to about 20 weight percent of an electro-conductive agent;
- from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of polyethylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of at least 100,000;
- at least about 5 to 30 weight percent of a solid matrix forming monomer or partial polymer thereof, and from about 10 to about 50 weight percent of a compatible solvent represented by Formula III:
- ##STR28## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen, and R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 is higher alkyl when R.sub.2 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A cathode paste which comprises:
- from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of a compatible cathodic material;
- from about 1 to about 20 weight percent of an electro-conductive agent;
- from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of polyethylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of at least 100,000;
- at least about 5 to 30 weight percent of a solid matrix forming monomer or partial polymer thereof, and from about 10 to about 50 weight percent of a compatible solvent represented by Formula IV:
- ##STR29## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are hydrogen, and R.sub.2, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
- wherein R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 is higher alkyl when R.sub.4 is not --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3.
A cathode paste which comprises:
- from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of a compatible cathodic material;
- from about 1 to about 20 weight percent of an electro-conductive agent;
- from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of polyethylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of at least 100,000;
- at least about 5 to 30 weight percent of a solid matrix forming monomer or partial polymer thereof, and from about 10 to about 50 weight percent of a compatible solvent represented by Formula V:
- ##STR30## wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and (CR.sub.9 R.sub.10);
- wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9 and hydrogen and R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3;
- with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10 is --CH.sub.2 O[CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O].sub.n CH.sub.3, where n is an integer of from 0 to 3.
A cathode paste which comprises:
- from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of a compatible cathodic material;
- from about 1 to about 20 weight percent of an electro-conductive agent;
- from about 0 to about 20 weight percent of polyethylene oxide having a number average molecular weight of at least 100,000;
- at least about 5 to 30 weight percent of a solid matrix forming monomer or partial polymer thereof, and from about 10 to about 50 weight percent of a compatible solvent represented by Formula VI:
- ##STR31##
Dependencies are inferred from the claim text.