Biosensors employing electrical, optical and mechanical signals

A biosensor comprising a plurality of layers:

• a first electrically non-conductive support providing mechanical rigidity to said biosensor comprising at least two spaced apart electrical leads coated on a first surface of said support;
• an electrically conducting organic polymerized crystalline surfactant layer coating said first surface between said electrical leads and comprising electrical contact portions in electrical contact with said electrical leads, said organic polymerized crystalline surfactant layer prepared from addition polymerizable conjugated diyne surfactant monomers of at least 12 carbon atoms and produced by the crystallization of said surfactant monomers and the polymerization of surfactant diynes to produce a conjugated polymer with each monomer having a hydrophilic terminum distal to said support;
• a sealing coating over said electrical contact portions to protect said electrical contact portions from contact with water;
• and
• an organic molecule layer bound to said organic polymerized crystalline surfactant layer at said hydrophilic termini, said organic molecule layer comprising a member of a specific binding pair for binding to a complementary member in an aqueous medium.