Chemically modified electrodes and their uses

A hydrogen electrode which comprises (a) an electrically conducting solid electrode on the surface of which a monomeric nitrogen-containing electron mediator and a strong acidic cation exchange resin containing aromatic groups are immobilized and (b) a redox system which is coupled to said electron mediator on the electrode, where the redox system is hydrogenase, nitrogenase, bacterium, ferrodoxin or NADH.

An oxygen electrode, which comprises an electrically conducting solid electrode on the surface of which a strong acidic cation exchange resin containing aromatic groups, a monomeric viologen and a chloroplast are immobilized.

A voltammetric detector of biologically active substances comprising an electrically conducting solid electrode on which a strong acidic cation exchange resin containing aromatic groups, a monomeric nitrogen-containing electron mediator and a biologically active substance are immobilized.

A photochromic display element, comprising an electrically conducting solid electrode on the surface of which a composition comprising (a) a strong acidic cation exchange resin containing aromatic groups and (b) a monomeric nitrogen-containing electron mediator and (c) a chloroplast are immobilized.