Methods for making solid solutions from normally immiscible components and for modifying the surface structure of solid materials
AssigneeUniversity of Utah
InventorJosef Michl
Life of this patent
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Abstract
Novel composites or solid solutions made from heretofore immiscible chemical components and methods for making such composites or solid solutions. A wall of a deposition cell is cooled to a temperature within the range of about -273.degree. C. to about -20.degree. C. A solid host component and one or more guest components are vaporized and codeposited onto the cold wall of the deposition cell so as to form a solid solution. The resultant solid solutions are stable at room temperature and often at much higher temperatures. The present invention also provides methods for modifying the surface structure of solid materials.
Claims40
A method of making composites from chemical components which are not appreciably miscible under equilibrium conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate;
- generating a vapor of a host component which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of a guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the host component under equilibrium conditions;
- and
- codepositing the host component vapor and the guest component vapor on the cold substrate such that the guest component is incorporated into the host component in concentrations greater than those present under equilibrium conditions, the host component and the guest component condensing on the cold substrate to form a composite which is stable at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.
A method of making composites from chemical components which are not appreciably miscible under equilibrium conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate;
- generating a vapor of a host component which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about 20.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of a guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the host component under equilibrium conditions;
- and
- codepositing the host component vapor and the guest component vapor on the cold substrate such that the guest component is incorporated into the host component so as to be kinetically stable within the host component, the host component and the guest component condensing on the cold substrate to form a composite which is stable at temperatures of at least as high as about 20.degree. C.
A method of making composites from chemical components which are not appreciably miscible under equilibrium conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate;
- generating a vapor of a host component which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about the temperature of dry ice;
- generating a vapor of a guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the host component under equilibrium conditions;
- and
- codepositing the host component vapor and the guest component vapor on the cold substrate such that the guest component is incorporated into the host component in concentrations greater than those present under equilibrium conditions, the host component and the guest component condensing on the cold substrate to form a composite which is stable at temperatures of at least as high as about the temperature of dry ice.
A method of making composites from chemical components which are not appreciably miscible under equilibrium conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate;
- generating a vapor of a host component which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of a guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the host component under equilibrium conditions;
- and
- codepositing the host component vapor and the guest component vapor on the cold substrate such that the guest component is incorporated into the host component in concentrations greater than those present under equilibrium conditions, the host component and the guest component condensing to form a composite on the cold substrate with minimal translational movement and agglomeration of the guest component molecules within the host component.
A method of making solid solutions from chemical components which are not appreciably miscible under equilibrium conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate having a temperature within the range of about -273.degree. C. to about -190.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of a host component which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about 20.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of a guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the host component under equilibrium conditions;
- and
- codepositing the host component vapor and the guest component vapor on the cold substrate such that the guest component is incorporated into the host component in concentrations greater than those present under equilibrium conditions, the host component and the guest component condensing on the cold substrate to form a solid solution which is stable at temperatures of at least as high as about 20.degree. C.
A method of modifying the surface structure of a solid material, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate;
- generating a vapor of a first material which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of a second material which is to provide a template for modifying the surface of the first material;
- codepositing the first material vapor and the second material vapor on the cold substrate, the first material and the second material condensing on the cold substrate to form a solid wherein molecules of the second material attach to the surface of the first material;
- and
- removing the molecules of the second material from the surface of the first material, thereby leaving a modified surface on the first material.
A method of packaging chemicals so as to isolate them from the surrounding environment, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate;
- generating a vapor of a packaging component which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of a guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the packing component under equilibrium conditions;
- and
- codepositing the packaging component vapor and the guest component vapor on the cold substrate, the packing component and the guest component condensing on the cold substrate to form a solid solution wherein the guest component is trapped within the packaging component so as to be kinetically stable within the packaging component.
A method of making composites from chemical components which are not appreciably miscible under equilibrium conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate:
- generating a vapor of an inorganic salt which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of a guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the inorganic salt under equilibrium conditions;
- and
- codepositing the inorganic salt vapor and the guest component vapor on the cold substrate such that the guest component is incorporated into the inorganic salt in concentrations greater than those present under equilibrium conditions, the inorganic salt and the guest component condensing on the cold substrate to form a composite which is stable at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.
A method of making composites from chemical components which are not appreciably miscible under equilibrium conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate;
- generating a vapor of a host component which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of an organic guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the host component under equilibrium conditions;
- and
- codepositing the host component vapor and the organic guest component vapor on the cold substrate such that the organic guest component is incorporated into the host component in concentrations greater than those present under equilibrium conditions, the host component and the organic guest component condensing on the cold substrate to form a composite which is stable at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.
A method of making composites from chemical components which are not appreciably miscible under equilibrium conditions, the method comprising the steps of:
- providing a cold substrate;
- generating a vapor of a host component which is generally a solid at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.;
- generating a vapor of an organic guest component which is not appreciably miscible with the host component under equilibrium conditions, the organic guest component being a phenol or a substituted phenol;
- and
- codepositing the host component vapor and the organic guest component vapor on the cold substrate such that the organic guest component is incorporated into the host component is concentrations greater than those present under equilibrium conditions, the host component and the organic guest component condensing on the cold substrate to form a composite which is stable at temperatures of at least as high as about -40.degree. C.
Dependencies are inferred from the claim text.