A protective structure for a concrete floor and walls of a concrete enclosure which is to contain a high temperature fluid, wherein said protective structure comprises a porous layer covering the concrete floor of the enclosure, a support frame made from shaped sections intersecting in accordance with a regular lattice structure, and resting on the porous layer, a lining filling the cavities defined between the shaped sections and a tight metal skin resting on the support frame and constituted by thin plates fixed to the shaped section and assembled by welds placed along axes of the shaped sections, said metal skin having a peripheral rising portion along the walls of the enclosure, said peripheral rising portion defining an upper free edge positioned above a maximum fluid level in the enclosure.