Flocculating agents and processes for making them

A process for making a flocculating adduct adapted for use in purification of liquids, comprising, in the order given, the steps of:

• (a) charging a reaction vessel with a mixture of (1) from about 10 to about 20 mole percent of deionized water and (2) from about 2 to about 8 mole percent of alumunium oxide hydrate;
• (b) heating the mixture, under agitation, to about 45.degree. C.;
• (c) adding from about 0.2 to 3.0 mole percent of sulfuric acid to the mixture over a period of about 40 minutes while maintaining the temperature of the mixture below about 110.degree. C.;
• (d) adding (1) from about 3.0 to about 10 mole percent of sulfuric acid and (2) from about 12 to about 25 mole percent of deionized water to the mixture and maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 95.degree. C. and about 110.degree. C. for about 120 minutes;
• and
• (e) adding from about 1 mole percent to about 5 mole percent of magnesium hydroxide to the mixture and maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 85.degree. C. and 95.degree. C. for about 30 minutes.

A process for making a flocculating adduct adapted for use in purification of liquids, comprising, in the order given, the steps of:

• (a) charging a reaction vessel with a mixture of (1) from about 30 to about 45 mole percent of hydrochloric acid having a specific gravity of about 22 baume and (2) from about 25 to about 40 mole percent of hydrochloric acid having a specific gravity of about 20 baume;
• (b) heating the mixture, under agitation, to between about 50.degree. C. and 55.degree. C.;
• (c) adding, under agitation, from about 5 to 12 mole percent of aluminum oxide hydrate to the mixture and maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 90.degree. C. and 97.degree. C. for about 180 minutes;
• and
• (d) adding from about 1.0 to 5.0 mole percent of magnesium hydroxide to the mixture and maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 75.degree. C. and 80.degree. C. for about 30 minutes.

A process for making a flocculating adduct adapted for use in purification of liquids, comprising, in the order given, the steps of:

• (a) charging a reaction vessel with a mixture of (1) from about 10 to about 30 mole percent of hydrochloric acid having a specific gravity of about 22 baume and (2) from about 10 to about 30 mole percent of hydrochloric acid having a specific gravity of about 20 baume;
• (b) heating the mixture, under agitation, to between about 50.degree. C. and about 55.degree. C.;
• (c) adding from about 4 to about 11 mole percent of aluminum oxide hydrate to the mixture and maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 90.degree. C. and about 95.degree. C. for about 100 minutes;
• (d) adding from about 0.1 to about 2.0 mole percent of sulfuric acid to the mixture while maintaining the temperature of the mixture below about 105.degree. C.;
• (e) maintaining the temperature of the mixture below about 100.degree. C. for about 60 minutes;
• (f) cooling the mixture down to a temperature between about 85.degree. C. and about 90.degree. C. upon addition of from about 1.0 to about 5.0 mole percent of magnesium hydroxide to the mixture over a period of less than about 10 minutes;
• and
• (g) maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 85.degree. C. and about 90.degree. C. for about 20 minutes.

A process of making a flocculating adduct adapted for use in purification of liquids, comprising, in the order given, the steps of:

• (a) charging a reaction vessel with a mixture of (1) from about 30 to about 45 mole percent of hydrochloric acid having a specific gravity of about 22 baume and (2) from about 25 to about 40 mole percent of hydrochloric acid having a specific gravity of about 20 baume;
• (b) heating the mixture, under agitation, to between about 50.degree. C. and about 55.degree. C.;
• (c) adding, under agitation, from about 5 to about 12 mole percent aluminum oxide hydrate to the mixture and maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 90.degree. C. and about 97.degree. C. for about 180 minutes;
• and
• (d) adding from about 1.0 to about 5.0 mole percent of zinc oxide to the mixture and maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 75.degree. C. and about 80.degree. C. for about 30 minutes.

A process for making a flocculating adduct adapted for use in purification of liquids, comprising, in the order given, the steps of:

• (a) charging a reaction vessel with from about 4 to about 10 moles of 10% aluminum sulfate solution having a pH of from about 1.6 to about 2.2;
• (b) adding from about 3 to about 6 moles of 5% sodium metasilicate solution to the aluminum sulfate solution, at a ratio of about one part by weight of sodium metasilicate solution per three parts by weight of aluminum sulfate solution, over a period of about 45 minutes;
• (c) adding from about 2 to about 8 moles of ferrous sulfate to the mixture over a period of about 15 minutes while maintaining the pH of the mixture between about 1.0 and about 2.2;
• (d) agitating the mixture for about 30 minutes;
• (e) adding a mixture of (1) from about 10 to about 50 moles of deionized water and (2) from about 2 to about 12 moles of magnesium chloride to the mixture over a period of about 30 minutes;
• and
• (f) continuing agitation of the mixture for about an additional 30 minutes.

A process for making a flocculating adduct adapted for use in purification of liquids comprising, in the order given, the steps of:

• (e) charging a reaction vessel with from about 50 to about 70 mole percent of nitrosylsulfuric acid;
• (b) heating the acid, under agitation, to between about 95.degree. C. and about 100.degree. C.;
• (c) adding from about 20 mole percent to about 50 mole percent of technical grade ferrous sulfate to the acid during a period of about 90 minutes;
• (d) continuing agitation of the mixture for about 20 minutes;
• (e) adding, under agitation, from about 0.02 mole percent to about 10 mole percent of magnesium chloride to the mixture;
• and
• (f) continuing agitation of the mixture for about 30 minutes.

A process for making a flocculating adduct adapted for use in purification of liquids, comprising, in the order given, the steps of:

• (a) charging a reaction vessel with a mixture of (1) from about 0.5 to about 12 mole percent of ferric suflate (2) from about 0.5 to about 12 mole percent of aluminum sulfate and (3) from about 75 to about 115 mole percent of deionized water;
• (b) heating the mixture, under agitation, to about 35.degree. C.;
• (c) adding from about 0.02 to about 7.0 mole percent of sodium sulfite to the mixture while continuing agitation of the mixture for a period of about 10 minutes;
• (d) adding from about 0.02 to about 10 mole percent of a mixture comprising magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate blended together at a mole ratio of about 1:1 over a period of about 120 minutes while maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 35.degree. C. to about 45.degree. C.;
• (e) filtering the mixture;
• (f) adding from about 5 to about 20 mole percent of hydrochloric acid, having a specific gravity of about 20 baume, to the filtrate over a period of about 10 minutes while maintaining the temperature of the filtrate below 35.degree. C.;
• and
• (g) agitating the filtrate for about 10 minutes while cooling the filtrate down to room temperature.

A process for making a flocculating adduct adapted for use in purification of liquids, comprising, in the order given, the step of:

• (a) charging a reaction vessel with a mixture of (1) from about 75 mole percent to about 110 mole percent of deionized water and (2) from about 0.2 to about 15 mole percent of polyhydroxyferrosulfate;
• (b) heating the mixture, under agitation, to about 35.degree. C.;
• (c) adding from about 0.02 to about 7 mole percent of sodium sulfite to the mixture and continuing agitation of the mixture for about 10 minutes;
• (d) adding from about 0.5 to about 12 mole percent of calcium chloride to the mixture over a period of about 120 minutes while maintaining the temperature of the mixture between about 35.degree. C. to about 45.degree. C.;
• (e) filtering the mixture;
• (f) adding from about 5 to about 20 mole percent of hydrochloric acid, having a specific gravity of about 20 baume, to the filtrate over a period of about 10 minutes while maintaining the temperature of the filtrate below about 35.degree. C.;
• and
• (g) agitating the filtrate for about 10 minutes while cooling the filtrate down to room temperature.