# US 4,400,657 A · Triac failure detector > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 4,400,657 A - Document ID: US4400657A - Status: Granted - Kind: A - Application number: 06/325,886 - Filed: 1981-11-30 - Granted: 1983-08-23 - Earliest claimed: 1981-11-30 - Assignees: The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Inventors: Frank J. Nola - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US4400657A ## CPC - H03K 17/0824: {in thyristor switches} - H03K: PULSE TECHNIQUE (measuring pulse characteristics G01R; modulating sinusoidal oscillations with pulses H03C; transmission of digital information H04L; discriminator circuits detecting phase difference between two signals by counting or integrating cycles of oscillation H03D3/04; automatic control, starting, synchronisation or stabilisation of generators of electronic oscillations or pulses where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified H03L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M) ## Abstract A failure detector is provided for detecting unidirectional failures in triacs, particularly as used in power factor controllers for induction motors. In a first embodiment, the triac voltage waveform is sensed and upon detection of an unbalanced signal, corresponding to failure of the triac in either the positive or negative direction, the triac is turned full on in both directions. In a second embodiment, a pair of pulsed signals are derived, the pulse durations of which are proportional to the phase difference between the load current and voltage for each half cycle, and the triac is turned full on responsive to a difference in pulse duration between the half cycle signals. An unidirectional open circuit detector is adapted to use a signal from either of the first and second embodiments to turn the triac off in response to an open circuit failure in either direction. ## Claims ### Claim 1 In a triac control system for controlling current flow to a load, a triac failure detection circuit for detecting a unidirectional short circuit failure of the triac control system, said failure detection circuit comprising detecting means for detecting the triac voltage waveform and for producing a first output responsive to a symmetrical triac voltage waveform produced during normal triac operation and for producing a second output responsive to a non-symmetrical triac voltage waveform caused by failure of said triac in either a positive or negative direction; and control means, connected to said detecting means, for turning said triac full on in both directions responsive to said second output. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said load comprises a induction motor and said control system comprises a power factor controller for controlling the power fed to said motor. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1, 2) A system as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the detecting means comprises a low pass filter, connected to receive the voltage across the triac, which produces a first filter output responsive to short circuiting of said triac in one direction and which produces a second filter output responsive to short circuiting of said triac in a second direction, and operational amplifier means connected to said low pass filter for producing said second output responsive to either said first filter output or said second filter output. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) A system as claimed in claim 3 wherein said operational amplifier means comprises an operational amplifier, a first blocking diode connected between the output and one input of said operational amplifier and a second blocking diode connected between said operational amplifier and said triac control means. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control means comprises an operational amplifier having one input connected to the output of said detecting means and an output connected to the gate of said triac. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) A system as claimed in claim 5 wherein said control means further comprises bias circuit means for providing a predetermined bias voltage at the other input of said operational amplifier, said bias voltage being related to second output such that said operational amplifier switches to a full output condition when a predetermined relationship exists between said bias voltage and said second output, said control means further comprising latching circuit means, responsive to said switching of said operational amplifier, for latching said operational amplifier in said full output condition so as to ensure that said triac is continuously maintained fully turned on in both directions. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) A system as claimed in claim 6 wherein said latching circuit means includes a resistor and diode connected between said bias circuit means and the output of said operational amplifier. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said system further comprises open circuit failure detecting means for detecting an open circuit failure of said triac in either direction and for turning off said triac in response to detection of such a failure. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) A system as claimed in claim 8 wherein said open circuit failure detecting means comprises an operational amplifier, connected to receive the first and second outputs of said detecting means of said failure detection circuit, for producing an output which causes turning off of said operational amplifier when said first output is received and for passing the output of said operational amplifier to the gate of said triac when said second output is received. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) A system as claimed in claim 9 further comprising an input low pass filter connected to the input of said operational amplifier which receives the first and second outputs of said detecting means and latching circuit means for latching said operational amplifier in the output condition thereof which provides for turning off of said triac. ### Claim 11 In a triac control system for an alternating current input signal for controlling input current flow to an inductive load, a triac failure detection circuit for detecting a unidirectional short circuit failure of the traic of the control system, said failure detection circuit comprising phase shift detection means for deriving first and second pulse trains of phase difference pulses whose phase durations are proportional to the phase differences between the triac voltage and current for each half cycle of said alternating current signal, and detecting means for receiving said phase difference pulses and for producing a first output when the half cycle pulses are of equal duration corresponding to normal operation, and for producing a second output when the half cycle pulses are of unequal duration corresponding to a short circuit failure of said triac in either direction, and control means, connected to said detecting means, for turning said triac full on in both directions responsive to said second output. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) A system as claimed in claim 11 wherein said load comprises an induction motor and said control system comprises a power factor controller for controlling the power supplied to said motor in accordance with the phase difference between motor voltage and current waveforms, and said phase shift detection means derives said phase difference signals from signals produced by said power factor controller. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) A system as claimed in claim 12 wherein said power factor controller produces first and second signals proportional the square of to the load voltage and the inverse thereof and third and fourth signals proportional to the square of the load current and the inverse thereof, and includes summing means for selectively summing said signals to produce a first square wave having a pulse duration proportional to the phase shift for a positive half cycle of the input current and a second square wave having a pulse duration proportional to the phase shift for a positive half cycle of the input current and a second square wave having a pulse duration proportional to the phase shift for a negative half cycle of the input current, said first and second square pulse trains produced by said phase shift ### Claim 14 (depends on 11, 12, 13) A system as claimed in claims 11, 12 or 13 wherein said detecting means includes first and second operational amplifiers for receiving one of said first and second pulse trains at each of the inputs thereof such that an output is produced when the pulses of the first and second pulse trains are of unequal duration. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) A system as claimed in claim 14 further comprising blocking diode means for blocking the outputs of a first polarity produced by either of said operational amplifiers. ### Claim 16 (depends on 11) A system as claimed in claim 11, wherein the said control means comprises an operational amplifier having one input connected to the output of said detecting means and an output connected to the gate of said triac. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) A system as claimed in claim 16 wherein said control means further comprises bias circuit means for providing a predetermined voltage at the other input of said operational amplifier, said operational amplifier switching to a full output condition when a predetermined relationship exists between said bias voltage and said second output, said control means further comprising latching circuit means responsive to said switching of said operational amplifier for latching said operational amplifier in said full output condition so as to ensure that said triac is continuously maintained fully turned on in both directions. ### Claim 18 (depends on 11) A system as claimed in claim 11 wherein said system further comprises open circuit failure detecting means for detecting an open circuit failure of said triac in either direction and for turning off said triac in response to detection of such a failure. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) A system as claimed in claim 18 wherein, during normal operation of said system, said triac receives a control signal for turning said triac on and wherein said open circuit failure detecting means comprises an operational amplifier connected to receive the first and second outputs of said detecting means, diode means for blocking the output of said operational amplifier when said first output is received and for passing the output of said operational amplifier to the gate of said triac when said second output is received, the output of said operational amplifier as received at the gate of said triac being related to said control signal for said triac such that the resultant gate current provided at the gate of the triac is such as to turn the triac off. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) A system as claimed in claim 19 further comprising an input low pass filter connected to the input of said operational amplifier which receives the first and second outputs of said detecting means and latching circuit means for latching said operational amplifier in the output condition thereof which provides for turning off of said triac.