# US 4,400,247 A · Method of producing metals by cathodic dissolution of their compounds

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- Number: US 4,400,247 A
- Document ID: US4400247A
- Status: Granted
- Kind: A
- Application number: 06/261,336
- Filed: 1981-05-07
- Granted: 1983-08-23
- Earliest claimed: 1980-05-07
- Assignees: Metals Technology & Instrumentation, Inc.
- Inventors: Marco V. Ginatta
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US4400247A

## CPC

- C25C 1/00: Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions (C25C5/00 takes precedence)
- C25B 1/00: Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B 1/01: Products
- C25C 3/00: Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts (C25C5/00 takes precedence)
- C25C 3/28: of titanium
- C25C 7/005: {of cells for the electrolysis of melts (C25C7/02 - C25C7/06 take precedence)}
- C25C: PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B: ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR (anodic or cathodic protection C23F13/00; single-crystal growth C30B)

## Abstract

Metals and metalloids are produced by cathodically dissolving compounds thereof in electrolytic cells. These cells have one or more heterogenous bipolar electrodes in series, with a terminal electrode as cathode and another terminal electrode as a soluble or inert anode. A common electrolyte is in contact with all electrodes. The compounds of the metals or metalloids are introduced into the cells and are brought into contact with the cathodic sides of the heterogenous electrodes. A cathodic half reaction takes place on the heterogenous bipolar electrode which permits the reduction and dissolution of the metal and metalloid compounds into the common electrolyte. The terminal negative electrodes are the site of the electrolytic deposition of the metals. The cells may also include an electrowinning system of anodes and cathodes, connected by way of the common electrolyte, for depositing the dissolved metals.

## Claims

### Claim 1

In a process for producing a metal or metalloid from compounds thereof using an electrolytic cell comprising a terminal anode, a terminal cathode and an electrolyte extending therebetween wherein said compounds are solubilized in said electrolyte by direct current reduction in electron conductive contact with said terminal cathode, the improvement comprising:
(a) providing in said cell between said terminal anode and cathode a plurality of heterogenous bipolar electrodes, each of said heterogenous bipolar electrodes having an anodic portion and a cathodic portion comprised of metal or a mixture of metals;
(b) feeding said compounds of metal or metalloid to said cell into electronic contact with said cathodic portion of said heteronenous bipolar electrodes electrodes while passing electric current through the cell to simultaneously produce direct cathodic reduction of said compounds on said cathodic portions and liberating metal, or metalloid ions, of lower valence than the metal or metalloid of said compounds into said electrolyte from said anodic portions;
(c) circulating said electrolyte in a closed circuit including said bipolar electrodes, said terminal cathode and said terminal anode; and
(d) depositing said liberated ionic metal or metaloid on said terminal cathode.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The process of claim 1, further comprising an electrowinning cell in said closed circuit wherein said metal or metalloid is electrolytically separated.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said anodic and cathodic portions comprise a metal different from the metal to be deposited.

### Claim 4 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said anodic and cathodic portions comprise a metal or mixture of metals the same as the metal being deposited.

### Claim 5 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said metal or mixture of metals of said anodic and cathodic portion are heavier or lighter than the electrolyte.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The process of claim 5, wherein the temperature of the electrolyte is lower than the melting point of the metal or metalloid to be produced, and the metal or metalloid is separated in the electrowinning cell as solid deposit accompanied by a portion of said metal of said anodic and cathodic portions in liquid condition and the thus separated metal is collected in liquid state and recirculated to the electrolytic cell and collects as a pool therein.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The process of claim 6, wherein said electrolyte is a fused salt bath at elevated temperature and said metal or metal mixture of said anodic and cathodic portions is in molten condition at said elevated temperature.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The process of claim 7, wherein an amount of the metal or metalloid to be produced is deposited in solid state on the cathode of the electrolytic cell together with an amount of said metal of said anodic and cathodic portions in liquid condition and the thus separated metal is collected in its liquid condition to form a pool associated with the cathode from which it is recirculated to said heterogenous bipolar electrodes defined by bipolar pools.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The process of claim 8, wherein said pool defines said cathodic portion and the compound to be solubilized is fed also to this pool thereby to cathodically solubilize the compound.

### Claim 10 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein the electrolyte is an aqueous solution.

### Claim 11 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said compound to be solubilized is titanium tetrachloride and the metal of said anodic and cathodic portions is lead.

### Claim 12 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said insoluble compound is titanium dioxide and the metal mixture of said anodic and cathodic portions is a lithium/sodium alloy.

### Claim 13 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said electrolyte is a non aqueous solution.

### Claim 14 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said compound to be solutilized is titanium tetrachloride.

### Claim 15 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said compound to be solubilized is zirconium tetrachloride.

### Claim 16 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said compound to be solubilized is titanium dioxide.

### Claim 17 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said compound to be solubilized is zirconium dioxide.

### Claim 18 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said metal or metalloid to be produced is selected from the group of boron, sulfur, arsenic and silicon.

### Claim 19 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said metal or metalloid to be produced are base metals selected from the group lead, copper tin, and zinc.

### Claim 20 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said metal or metalloid to be produced are reactive metals selected from the group titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum, niobium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, silicon and aluminum.

### Claim 21 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said metal or metalloid to be produced are ferrous metals and ferroalloys selected from the group iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, silicon and chromium.

### Claim 22 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said metal or metalloid to be produced are minor metals selected from the group bismuth, antimony, cadmium, beryllium, and rare-earth metals.

### Claim 23 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein the heterogeneous bipolar electrodes are solid and made as a structure formed by the metal of the anodic and cathodic portions onto which a paste of the compound of the metal to be produced is spread and pressed.

### Claim 24 (depends on 2)

The process of claim 2, wherein said metal or metalloid to be produced is a transition metal.