# US 4,398,173 A · Safeness indicator for flexible shafts used in automotive steering mechanisms

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- Number: US 4,398,173 A
- Document ID: US4398173A
- Status: Granted
- Kind: A
- Application number: 06/309,648
- Filed: 1981-10-08
- Granted: 1983-08-09
- Earliest claimed: 1981-10-08
- Assignees: Pennwalt Corporation
- Inventors: Walter Kulischenko; Philip E. Bloomfield
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US4398173A

## CPC

- B62D 1/19: incorporating energy-absorbing arrangements, e.g. by being yieldable or collapsible (shock absorbers using plastic deformation of members in general F16F7/12)
- Y10S 310/80: Piezoelectric polymers, e.g. PVDF
- B62D: MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS (steering, or guiding on a desired track, of agricultural machines or implements A01B69/00; wheels, castors, axles, increasing wheel adhesion B60B; vehicle tyres, tyre inflation or tyre changing B60C; connections between vehicles of a train or the like B60D; vehicles for use on rail and road, amphibious or convertible vehicles B60F; suspension arrangements B60G; heating, cooling, ventilating or other air treating devices B60H; windows, windscreens, non-fixed roofs, doors or similar devices, protective coverings for vehicles not in use B60J; propulsion plant arrangements, auxiliary drives, transmissions, controls, instrumentation or dashboards B60K; electric equipment or propulsion of electrically-propelled vehicles B60L; power supply for electrically-propelled vehicles B60M; passenger accommodation not otherwise provided for B60N; adaptations for load transportation or to carry special loads or objects B60P; arrangement of signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor, for vehicles in general B60Q; vehicles, vehicle fittings or vehicle parts not otherwise provided for B60R; servicing, cleaning, repairing, supporting, lifting, or manoeuvring, not otherwise provided for, B60S; brake arrangements, brake control systems or parts thereof B60T; air-cushion vehicles B60V; motor-cycles, accessories therefor B62J, B62K; testing of vehicles G01M)
- Y10S: TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

## Abstract

In a vehicle steering system for automobiles, for example, a steering column is provided with a rotatable flexible shaft at the end thereof for improving the ability of the column to absorb energy in a crash situation. The flexible shaft has at least one strip of a plastic material, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride film made piezoelectric by known methods, secured to an outermost winding of the flexible shaft. Turning the steering wheel will torsionally deflect the flexible shaft which causes the piezoelectric strips to generate millivoltages thereacross. A deteriorating flexible shaft will deflect more under torsional stress than a comparable newer flexible shaft and the piezoelectric strip or strips secured to the deteriorating shaft will consequently produce higher millivoltages. These millivoltages are amplified and fed to indicating means for indicating the degree of safeness of the flexible shaft.

## Claims

### Claim 1

Safety indicating unit for indicating condition of safeness of a flexible shaft rotating in response to rotation of a steering wheel in a vehicle steering system wherein deterioration of said flexible shaft produces greater torsional deflection thereof when said steering wheel is rotated in either direction, said unit comprising
a plastic member having piezoelectric properties, said member secured to an outermost layer of windings of said flexible shaft,
means for generating electrical signals by said plastic piezoelectric member in proportion to torsional deflection of said flexible shaft, and
other means for indicating said generated electrical signals into an indication of safeness of said torsionally deflected flexible shaft.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The unit of claim 1 wherein said other means is a visual indicator for indicating degree of safeness of said flexible shaft when torsionally deflected by rotation of said steering wheel.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The unit of claim 2 wherein said plastic piezoelectric member is a film strip of polyvinylidene fluoride, and said film strip is provided with a metallized coating on both surfaces thereof.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The unit of claim 3 wherein said strip is secured to said outermost layer with an electrically non-conducting adhesive material.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The unit of claim 4 wherein said strip is disposed longitudinally said flexible shaft,
an electrical conductor attached to each surface of said strip adjacent an end thereof,
an amplifier disposed in proximate relationship to said strip, said electrical conductors transmitting electrical signals generated by said piezoelectric strip to said amplifier for amplifying said transmitted electrical signals, and
means for translating said amplified electrical signals into an indication of safeness of said torsionally deflected flexible shaft.

### Claim 6 (depends on 4)

The unit of claim 4 wherein said strip is provided with an upturned end,
an electrical conductor attached to an upper surface of said strip adjacent said upturned end,
another electrical conductor attached to an upper surface of said upturned end, each of said conductors being connected to a metallized surface of opposite polarity of said strip.

### Claim 7

Safety indicating unit for indicator condition of safeness of a flexible shaft rotating in response to rotation of a steering wheel in a vehicle steering system wherein deterioration of said flexible shaft produces greater torsional deflection thereof when said steering wheel is rotated in either direction, said unit including
a base plane comprising a plastic film sheet having piezoelectric properties, said sheet being provided with a metallized coating on upper surface thereof and secured to an outermost layer of windings of said flexible shaft with an electrically conducting adhesive material,
a pair of plastic piezoelectric strips adhered on said upper surface of said base plane by electrically conducting adhesive material, said strips each provided with a metallized coating on both surfaces thereof, exposed surfaces of said strips being of opposite polarity,
means for generating electrical signals by said strips in proportion to torsional deflection of said flexible shaft, and
other means for translating said generated electrical signals into an indication of safeness of said torsionally deflected flexible shaft.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The unit of claim 7 wherein the strips of said pair of strips are adhered to said base plane in parallel relationship.

### Claim 9

Safety indicating unit for indicating condition of safeness of a flexible shaft rotating in response to rotation of a steering wheel in a vehicle steering system wherein deterioration of said flexible shaft produces greater torsional deflection thereof when said steering wheel is rotated in either direction, said unit comprising
a pair of plastic piezoelectric strips disposed helically about said flexible shaft, each strip of said pair of strips disposed helically with an opposite pitch and spaced longitudinally along said flexible shaft, each of said strips being metallized on both surfaces thereof, each of said metallized surfaces having an electrical conductor attached thereto adjacent an end portion thereof, each surface of each strip being of opposite polarity,
means for generating separate electrical signals by each of said strips in proportion to torsional deflection of said flexible shaft, said separate electrical signals comprising signals generated by one of said pair of strips in response to rotation of said steering wheel and flexible shaft in one direction and other signals generated by other of said pair of strips in response to rotation of said steering wheel and flexible shaft in other direction, and
other means for translating said generated electrical signals into an indication of safeness of said torsionally deflected flexible shaft when rotated in one direction and in the other direction.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The unit of claim 9 further characterized by an amplifier disposed adjacent each of said helical piezoelectric strips for amplifying electrical signals generated by each of said strips,
a microprocessor downstream said amplifiers for differentiating between signals fed into said other means generated by said strips when said steering wheel and flexible shaft are rotated in one direction and in the other direction.