# US 4,393,711 A · Apparatus and method for ultrasonic detection of flaws in power plant piping systems

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- Number: US 4,393,711 A
- Document ID: US4393711A
- Status: Granted
- Kind: A
- Application number: 06/206,627
- Filed: 1980-11-13
- Granted: 1983-07-19
- Earliest claimed: 1980-11-13
- Assignees: Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
- Inventors: Melvin E. Lapides
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US4393711A

## CPC

- G01N 29/036: by measuring frequency or resonance of acoustic waves
- G01H 1/00: Measuring {characteristics of} vibrations in solids by using direct conduction to the detector (G01H9/00, G01H11/00 take precedence)
- G01N 29/14: using acoustic emission techniques {(echo of particles G01N29/046; measuring mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in solids in general G01H1/00)}
- G01N 29/30: Arrangements for calibrating or comparing, e.g. with standard objects
- G01N 29/4463: {Signal correction, e.g. distance amplitude correction [DAC], distance gain size [DGS], noise filtering}
- G01N 29/449: {Statistical methods not provided for in G01N29/4409, e.g. averaging, smoothing and interpolation}
- G01S 7/5205: {Means for monitoring or calibrating}
- G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q)
- G01H: MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01S: RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES

## Abstract

A method of in-service ultrasonic detection of intergranular stress corrosion cracking conditions in pipe sections of nuclear power plants. A plurality of ultrasonic return signal features and an associated general form of algorithmic combination are selected on the basis of ultrasonic pipe studies to use in distinguishing return signals from cracking conditions and geometric reflectors. A calibration pipe sample having a prearranged configuration with geometric reflectors substantially corresponding to the unknown pipe section and at least one known cracking condition is provided. Sequential ultrasonic examinations are performed using the calibration pipe sample first to enable tuning of the algorithmic combination to optimize the ability to distinguish return signals from geometric reflectors and known cracking conditions followed by an ultrasonic examination of the pipe section using the same selected return signal features and the selected algorithmic combination of the values to ascertain presence or absence of a cracking condition. A kit of parts including a crack detection instrument and a variety of calibration pipe samples corresponding to the various pipe section configurations in a nuclear power plant is also disclosed.

## Claims

### Claim 1

In a method of in-service ultrasonic detection of a cracking condition in a pipe section of predetermined configuration, the steps of:
(a) selecting a plurality of ultrasonic return signal features and a tunable algorithmic combination of the measured values thereof whose resultant value is useful in distinguishing return signals from a cracking condition and from geometric reflectors, said selection being based on prior ultrasonic examination studies on a plurality of pipe samples having a variety of known geometric reflectors and known cracking conditions;
(b) providing a calibration pipe sample having a prearranged configuration with geometric reflectors substantially corresponding to said pipe section and at least one known cracking condition;
(c) performing an ultrasonic examination of said calibration pipe sample to measure the values of said selected return signal features while tuning said tunable algorithmic combination to optimize the capability of said algorithmic combination to distinguish return signals from said geometric reflectors and said known cracking condition;
(d) performing an ultrasonic examination of said pipe section using the same selected return signal features and said tuned algorithmic combination of the values thereof to ascertain the presence or absence of a cracking condition therein.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein said pipe section and pipe samples are stainless steel pipe sections subject to intergranular stress corrosion cracking; said known cracking condition in said calibration pipe sample is an intergranular stress corrosion cracking condition, and said selected return signal features include selected frequency spectrum and waveform features.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2 wherein said selected frequency features include percentage signal power in each of two preselected frequency bands of the return signal frequency spectrum and said waveform features include pulse envelope rise time and duration time.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1, 2)

The method claimed in any of claims 1, 2, and 3, wherein said known cracking condition has a critical size and said algorithmic combination of said measured values of said selected return signal features is selected to enable distinguishing cracking conditions of critical size from cracking conditions of subcritical size.

### Claim 5

In a kit used for in-service ultrasonic detection of cracking conditions in pipe sections of different varieties and configurations in conjunction with an ultrasonic test instrument and a transducer assembly;
(a) a plurality of different calibration pipe samples each having a prearranged configuration with inherent geometric reflectors substantially corresponding to those of one of said pipe sections and a known cracking condition; and
(b) a crack detection instrument adapted to receive output signals from said ultrasonic test instrument representing return signal waveform information from a selected pipe section under test for indicating whether said return signal is from a geometric reflector or from a cracking condition therein, said instrument comprising means for measuring the values of a plurality of preselected features of said return signal waveform information, means for combining said measured feature values in accordance with a preselected decision algorithm having tunable variables, and means for registering when said algorithmically combined feature values indicate a return signal from a cracking condition, said combining means including algorithim tuning means adapted to be adjusted while said detection instrument is receiving return signal waveform information from a preselected one of said calibration pipe samples corresponding to said selected pipe section to alter said tunable variables of said decision algorithm to optimize the sensitivity and specifically of said instrument for detection of said cracking condition said features and said decision algorithm being preselected on the basis of experimental data from prior ultrasonic examination studies on a plurality of pipe samples having a variety of known geometric reflectors and known cracking conditions such that said decision algorithm provides a high degree of discrimination between geometric reflectors and cracking conditions.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The kit of claim 5, wherein said known cracking condition in said calibration pipe samples are critical flaws and said algorithm tuning means is adapted to be adjusted while said detection instrument is receiving return signals from a critical flaw on a preselected one of said calibration pipe samples such that said registering means will indicate a return signal from a cracking condition equal to or greater than said critical flaw when said detection instrument is used on a selected pipe section under test.