# US 4,392,942 A · Modified staged turbulent bed process for retorting carbon containing solids > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 4,392,942 A - Document ID: US4392942A - Status: Granted - Kind: A - Application number: 06/271,297 - Filed: 1981-06-08 - Granted: 1983-07-12 - Earliest claimed: 1980-09-17 - Assignees: Chevron Research Company - Inventors: P. Henrik Wallman; Byron G. Spars - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US4392942A ## CPC - C10G 1/02: by distillation - C10G: CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION (cracking to hydrogen or synthesis gas C01B; cracking or pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases to individual hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof of definite or specified constitution C07C; cracking to cokes C10B); RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES ## Abstract A process for retorting a carbon containing solid, especially oil shale, comprises passing heat transfer particles and raw particles of carbon containing solid downwardly through a fluidized retort zone containing a plurality of baffles to prevent gross vertical backmixing. The heated solid particles and heat transfer particles are then passed to a moving packed bed retort to pyrolyze the carbon containing solid particles. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A continuous process for retorting oil shale which comprises: passing heat transfer particles at an elevated temperature and raw shale particles downwardly through a first retort zone; passing a first stripping gas upwardly through said first retort zone; maintaining the size of the heat transfer particles and the size of the raw shale particles such that a portion of the raw shale particles is fluidized, and a portion of the raw shale particles and at least a portion of the heat transfer particles are nonfluidized in said first retort zone; substantially limiting gross vertical backmixing and slugging of the particles within the first retort zone by passing said downwardly moving particles through a plurality of baffles in said first retort zone; providing sufficient residence time in the first retort zone for the heavier nonfluidized shale particles to be substantially heated to retorting temperatures; passing said heat transfer particles and said heated shale particles from the bottom of said first retort zone to a second, non-fluidized, retort zone; maintaining the shale particles in said second retort zone for a residence time sufficient to provide substantially complete pyrolysis of said shale particles; passing a second stripping gas through the second retort zone to strip hydrocarbonaceous vapors from the retorted shale; withdrawing exhausted first stripping gas from the top of said first retort zone; withdrawing exhausted second stripping gas and hydrocarbonaceous vapors from said second retort zone; and withdrawing heat transfer particles and retorted shale from said second retort zone. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) A process as recited in claim 1, wherein the withdrawn exhausted second stripping gas and hydrocarbonacous vapors from said second retort zone are passed upwardly through said first retort zone as first stripping gas. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1, 2) A process as recited in claim 1 or 2, wherein the heat transfer particles are burned shale particles. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1, 2) A process as recited in claim 1 or 2, wherein said first stripping gas and said second stripping gas comprise steam. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1, 2) A process as recited in claim 1 or 2, wherein the heavier nonfluidized shale particles have a residence time in the range of 15 to 50 seconds in the first retort zone. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1, 2) A process as recited in claim 1 or 2, wherein said baffles have an open area of 30 to 70% of the total cross-sectional area of said baffles, and said baffles are horizontally disposed at vertical spacings of approximately 30 to 100 cm in the first retort zone. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1, 2) A process as recited in claim 1 or 2, further comprising: passing a portion of effluent solids, including particles containing residual carbonaceous material, from said second retort zone into a combustion zone separate from said retort zones; contacting said effluent solids in said combustion zone with an oxygen-containing gas under conditions which result in burning at least a portion of said residual carbonaceous material, thereby heating said effluent solids; withdrawing at least a portion of said heated effluent solids from said combustion zone; and introducing said portion of said heated effluent solids into said first retort zone as said heat transfer particles. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) A process as recited in claim 7, wherein substantially all of the heated effluent solids introduced to said retort are larger than 200 mesh in size. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1, 2) A process as recited in claim 1 or 2, wherein the equivalent of at least 2 perfectly mixed serial stages is provided in the first retort zone. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1, 2) A process as recited in claim 1 or 2, wherein the size of said heat transfer particles is maintained such that a portion of the heat transfer particles is fluidized in said first retort zone. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) A process as recited in claim 10, wherein the heat transfer particles are burned shale particles. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) A process as recited in claim 10, wherein said first stripping gas and said second stripping gas comprise steam. ### Claim 13 A continuous process for retorting a particulate carbon containing solid which comprises: passing heat transfer particles at an elevated temperature and raw carbon containing solid downwardly through a first retort zone; passing a first stripping gas upwardly through said first retort zone; maintaining the size of the heat transfer particles and the size of the particles of raw carbon containing solid such that a portion of the raw carbon containing solid are fluidized, and a portion of the particles of raw carbon containing solid and at least a portion of the heat transfer particles are nonfluidized in said first retort zone; substantially limiting gross vertical backmixing and slugging of the particles within the first retort zone by passing said downwardly moving particles through a plurality of baffles in said first retort zone; providing sufficient residence time in the first retort zone for the heavier nonfluidized particles of carbon containing solid to be substantially heated to retorting temperatures; passing said heat transfer particles and said heated carbon containing solid particles from the bottom of said first retort zone to a second, non-fluidized, retort zone; maintaining the particles of carbon containing solid in said second retort zone for a residence time sufficient to provide substantially complete pyrolysis of said carbon containing solids; passing a second stripping gas through the second retort zone to strip hydrocarbonaceous vapors from the retorted solids; withdrawing exhausted first stripping gas from the top of said first retort zone; withdrawing exhausted second stripping gas and hydrocarbonaceous vapors from said second retort zone; and withdrawing heat transfer particles and retorted solids from said second retort zone.