# US 4,391,467 A · System for producing a uniform rubble bed for in situ processes > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 4,391,467 A - Document ID: US4391467A - Status: Granted - Kind: A - Application number: 06/253,125 - Filed: 1981-04-10 - Granted: 1983-07-05 - Earliest claimed: 1981-04-10 - Assignees: The United States of America as represented by the United States Department of Energy - Inventors: Terry R. Galloway - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US4391467A ## CPC - E21B 10/60: characterised by conduits or nozzles for drilling fluids (for roller bits E21B10/18; for percussion drill bits E21B10/38) - E21B 7/18: Drilling by liquid or gas jets, with or without entrained pellets (E21B7/14 takes precedence) - E21B 10/26: Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers (percussion drill bits with leading portion E21B10/40) - E21B 43/247: in association with fracturing processes {or crevice forming processes} - E21C 41/24: for oil-bearing deposits - E21B: EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS - E21C: MINING OR QUARRYING ## Abstract A method and a cutter for producing a large cavity filled with a uniform bed of rubblized oil shale or other material, for in situ processing. A raise drill head (72) has a hollow body (76) with a generally circular base and sloping upper surface. A hollow shaft (74) extends from the hollow body (76). Cutter teeth (78) are mounted on the upper surface of the body (76) and relatively small holes (77) are formed in the body (76) between the cutter teeth (78). Relatively large peripheral flutes (80) around the body (76) allow material to drop below the drill head (72). A pilot hole is drilled into the oil shale deposit. The pilot hole is reamed into a large diameter hole by means of a large diameter raise drill head or cutter to produce a cavity filled with rubble. A flushing fluid, such as air, is circulated through the pilot hole during the reaming operation to remove fines through the raise drill, thereby removing sufficient material to create sufficient void space, and allowing the larger particles to fill the cavity and provide a uniform bed of rubblized oil shale. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of producing in an underground formation a cavity filled with a bed of uniform rubblized material, comprising: forming a substantially vertical pilot hole in the underground formation; reaming the pilot hole into a cavity, thereby forming fines and rubblized material; and drawing a flushing fluid out of the cavity to carry away the fines, leaving a bed of rubblized material in the cavity. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further including the step of forming a pair of aligned horizontal drifts through the underground formation. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The method of claim 2, wherein the pilot hole is formed between the horizontal drifts. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1, 3) The method of claim 1 or 3, wherein the step of reaming the pilot hole is performed by rotating and raising a large diameter raise drill head through the pilot hole. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The method of claim 4, wherein the step of reaming the pilot hole is performed by rotating and raising a hollow body having a plurality of cutter teeth mounted thereon and a hollow shaft attached thereto, the hollow body having a plurality of relatively small holes for allowing the flushing fluid to flow from the cavity into the hollow body and a plurality of relatively large peripheral flutes for allowing the rubblized material to drop into the cavity below the raise drill head. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The method of claim 5, wherein the flushing fluid is air. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein the step of drawing the flushing fluid is performed by attaching a source of suction to the hollow shaft and flowing air down the pilot hole to carry fines into the hollow body through the holes in the body and out through the hollow shaft and to cool the raise drill head. ### Claim 8 A method of producing shale oil from an oil shale deposit, comprising the steps of: drilling at least one substantially vertical pilot hole in the oil shale deposit; reaming the pilot hole into an enlarged cavity, thereby producing rubblized oil shale and oil shale fines; drawing a flushing fluid out of the cavity to withdraw the oil shale fines, leaving a bed of rubblized oil shale in the cavity; heating the rubblized oil shale in the cavity to produce shale oil; and withdrawing the shale oil from the cavity. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8 wherein the step of reaming the pilot hole is performed by rotating and raising a large diameter raise drill head through the pilot hole. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9 wherein the step of reaming the pilot hole is performed by rotating and raising a hollow body having a plurality of cutter teeth mounted thereon and a hollow shaft attached thereto, the hollow body having a plurality of relatively small holes for allowing the flushing fluid to flow from the cavity into the hollow body and a plurality of relatively large peripheral flutes for allowing the rubblized material to drop into the cavity below the raise drill head. ### Claim 11 A raise drill head for producing in an underground formation a cavity filled with a bed of rubblized material, comprising: a hollow body having a substantially circular base and sloping upper surface; a plurality of spaced cutter teeth mounted on the upper surface of the body, the body having a plurality of spaced relatively small holes located between the cutter teeth to flush out fines from the cavity when suction is applied to the hollow body, the body also having a plurality of relatively large peripheral flutes spaced around the base to allow rubblized material to drop into the cavity below the raise drill head; and a hollow shaft attached to the hollow body and opening into the hollow body. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The raise drill head of claim 11 wherein the upper surface is substantially convex in shape. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The raise drill head of claim 12 wherein the upper surface is substantially hemispherical in shape. ### Claim 14 (depends on 11) The raise drill head of claim 11 wherein the upper surface is substantially conical in shape.