Low frequency sonar systems

In combination in a lightweight sonar system for operating in the midaudible frequency region and capable of detecting the presence and location of a submerged target at long ranges in the order of 20,000 meters, a transmitting transducer capable of generating underwater acoustic power of several kilowatts in the mid-audible frequency region, said transducer comprising a generally cylindrical structure including a rigid tubular housing having a vertical axis, the sound radiation pattern from said transducer assembly characterized in that it is omnidirectional in the horizontal plane, said transducer assembly including a plurality of vibratile structures, each vibratile structure comprising a pair of vibratile pistons, each piston having at least one plane surface, said pair of vibratile pistons spaced from one another along said vertical axis and arranged with the plane surface of each piston parallel and facing each other, an electromechanical force generator characterized in that said force generator includes two parallel plane surfaces, each one of said facing plane surfaces of said pistons is bonded to an opposite one of said parallel plane surfaces of said electromechanical force generator, means for mounting said vibratile pistons concentrically within said tubular housing, said tubular housing characterized in that it includes a plurality of openings through its peripheral wall located in axial regions of said tubular housing in the vicinity of the axial locations of said vibratile pistons, electrical terminal means connected to said electromechanical force generator, said electromechanical force generator is characterized in that an alternating mechanical force is generated between said two parallel plane surfaces of said force generator when an alternating electrical signal is applied to said electrical terminal means, and further characterized in that said electrochemical force is transferred to said pair of pistons which results in an oscillatory displacement of each of said pistons along said vertical axis of said transducer assembly, said pistons characterized in that the diameter of said pistons is within the approximate range 1/3 to 2/3 wavelength of the underwater sound generated by said transducer when operated at the specified mid-audible frequency region, and further characterized in that said pistons are located within said tubular housing with their centers aligned with the vertical axis of said transducer assembly, and still further characterized in that the exposed piston radiating surfaces which are opposite the faces of said pistons which are bonded to said electromechanical generator are approximately conical, a sound transparent outer housing surrounding said rigid tubular housing, a sound transmitting liquid filling the space between the radiating surfaces of said vibratile pistons and the openings in the wall of said rigid housing, a multi-element hydrophone assembly having a vertical axis, said hydrophone assembly characterized in that each element has a cardioid directional pattern in the horizontal plane over an angle of plus or minus 60.degree. from its axis of maximum sensitivity, and further characterized in that the axis of maximum sensitivity of each hydrophone is displaced 120.degree. from its neighbor, means for mounting said transmitting transducer assembly and said hydrophone assembly in fixed spatial relationship to one another, first electronic circuit means for supplying audio frequency power to said transmitting transducer, second electronic circuit means associated with said multi-element hydrophone said second electronic circuit means characterized in that it includes means for measuring the relative intensities of the electrical signals generated in each of the separated hydrophone elements contained in the assembly upon the arrival of an underwater sound signal at the hydrophone location, whereby the measured magnitudes of said relative intensities determine the bearing of the received sound signal.