Anodically polarized surface for biofouling and scale control

A method of maintaining an electrocatalytic electroconductive surface free of deposits selected from the group consisting of biological and hardness deposits in sodium chloride containing aqueous environment, said electrocatalytic, electroconductive surface being such as to be capable of generating an effective amount of oxygen to maintain said surface free of biological and hardness deposits with substantially no evolution of chlorine gas when made anodic, comprising:

• making said surface anodic so as to electrolyze the water in contact therewith to produce sufficient oxygen and hydrogen ion at said anodic surface to prevent formation of biological or hardness deposits, said electrolysis taking place at an applied voltage below the threshold voltage at which chlorine is evolved.

A method of maintaining a valve metal surface free of deposits selected from the group consisting of biological and hardness deposits in an aqueous environment containing chloride ion comprising:

• applying to the surface of said valve metal a stable electrocatalytic coating, said coating being such as to be capable of generating an effective amount of oxygen to maintain said surface free of biological and hardness deposits with substantially no evolution of chlorine gas when made anodic, and thereafter, when said coated valve metal surface is in said aqueous environment containing chloride ion, rendering said coated valve metal surface anodic and passing sufficient current therethrough to generate said effective amount of oxygen per square meter of coated valve metal surface area per hour with substantially no chlorine gas being generated.

A method of maintaining a valve metal heat exchange surface free of heat exchange interfering deposits in an aqueous environment containing chloride ion comprising:

• applying to said heat exchange a surface stable electrocatalytic coating, said coating being such as to be capable of generating sufficient oxygen per square meter of coating surface area per hour through the electrolysis of water with evolution of substantially no chlorine gas to maintain said surface free of biological and hardness deposits;
• and thereafter, when said coated heat exchange surface is in said aqueous environment, rendering said coated heat exchange surface anodic and passing sufficient current therethrough to generate an effective amount of oxygen per square meter of coated heat exchange surface area per hour while generating substantially no chlorine gas.

A method of maintaining a valve metal heat exchange surface free of heat exchange interfering deposits of biological origin and hardness scale when in contact with saltwater containing chloride ion comprising:

• applying to said valve metal heat exchange surface a stable electrocatalytic coating, said coating being such as to be capable anodically of generating sufficient oxygen per square meter of coating surface area per hour through the electrolysis of water with evolution of substantially no chlorine gas to maintain said surface substantially free from biological and hardness deposits;
• and thereafter, when said coated valve metal heat exchange surface is in contact with saltwater, rendering said coated valve metal heat exchange surface anodic and passing sufficient current therethrough to generate an effective amount of oxygen per square meter of coated valve metal heat exchange surface area per hour while generating substantially no chlorine gas.