Compositions and methods for improving brain health

4:

• The method of claim 1, wherein the milk-based composition is administered in an amount effective to increase at least one metabolite selected from the group consisting of:
• 3-indole propionate, propionate, valerate, N,N-Dimethylglycine, Imidazole acetate, tricarballylic acid, acetate, caprylic acid, nicotinamide, beta-alanine, ketone bodies, 3-hydroxybutyrate, 12,13-diHODE, and/or 3-hydroxydecanoic acid.

5:

• The method of claim 1, wherein the milk-based composition is administered in an amount effective to increase one or more Bifidobacterium.

7:

• The method of claim 6, wherein the composition is administered in an amount effective for increasing levels of 3-indole propionate in the individual.

8:

• The method of claim 6, wherein the composition is administered to the individual in a unit dosage form, wherein the unit dosage form comprises an amount of the composition effective for increasing levels of 3-indole propionate in the individual.

10:

• The method of claim 9, wherein the composition is administered in an amount effective for increasing levels of nicotinamide in the individual.

11:

• The method of claim 9, wherein the composition is administered to the individual in a unit dosage form, wherein the unit dosage form comprises an amount of the composition effective for increasing levels of nicotinamide in the individual.

13:

• The method of claim 12, wherein the composition is administered in an amount effective for increasing levels of acetate in the individual.

14:

• The method of claim 12, wherein the composition is administered to the individual in a unit dosage form, wherein the unit dosage form comprises an amount of the composition effective for increasing levels of acetate in the individual.

16:

• The method of claim 15, wherein the composition is administered in an amount effective for increasing levels of Bifidobacterium in the individual.

17:

• The method of claim 15, wherein the composition is administered to the individual in a unit dosage form, wherein the unit dosage form comprises an amount of the composition effective for increasing levels of Bifidobacterium in the individual.

19:

• The method of claim 18, wherein the composition is administered in an amount effective for increasing levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the individual.

20:

• The method of claim 18, wherein the composition is administered to the individual in a unit dosage form, wherein the unit dosage form comprises an amount of the composition effective for increasing levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in the individual.