Devices, systems, and methods for pulsed electric field treatment of the duodenum

A method to modulate a macrophage response within a target region of a patient's duodenal tissue following treatment with electroporation energy, comprising:

• deploying an electroporation device within a patient's duodenum, wherein the electroporation device comprises an expandable member comprising one or more electrodes configured to deliver electrical pulses of energy to at least some cells within the target region;
• expanding the expandable member to place the one or more electrodes in contact with tissue of the duodenum at the target region;
• energizing the one or more electrodes with a therapeutically beneficial amount electroporation energy;
• delivering the therapeutically beneficial amount of electroporation energy from the one or more electrodes to the cells within the target region;
• with the delivered therapeutically beneficial amount of electroporation energy, treating at least some of the cells within the target region, wherein the treating comprises modulating the function of at least some of the cells within the target region of the duodenal mucosa, while preserving the cellular membrane of at least some of the treated cells;
• and
• modulating a macrophage response at the target region after the treating.