Methods to treat glioma in subjects with defined tumour microenvironment

A method of treating a subject with glioma comprising:

• a) determining a sample immune gene expression profile of a biopsy sample obtained from the subject comprising markers of immune infiltration by measuring the levels of mRNAs of cell type markers, immune checkpoint genes, functional orientation markers, and signature scores;
• b) comparing the values of a) with a control profile comprising gene expression values from reference samples with known annotation of high (TMEhigh), medium (TMEmedium) and low (TMElow) tumor microenvironments;
• c) determining the level of similarity of a) to b), and
• d) administering combination therapy of an oncolytic virus and an anti-PD-1 antibody or a binding fragment thereof if there is a high level of similarity of a) to TMEmedium;
• a low level of similarity of a) to TMEhigh or TMElow;
• and/or a higher level of similarity of a) to TMEmedium than to TMEhigh or TMElow, and
• not administering combination therapy of an oncolytic virus and an anti-PD-1 antibody or a binding fragment thereof if there is a low level of similarity of a) to TMEmedium;
• a high level of similarity of a) to TMEhigh or TMElow;
• and/or a higher level of similarity of a) to TMEhigh or TMElow than to TMEmedium.