An ultra-high areal loading MnO2 electrode

Abstract

In rechargeable batteries having an Mn2+/MnO2 electrode and have an aqueous electrolyte, we discovered that by tuning the operating temperature of battery cycling we can manipulate the deposited phase from ε-MnO2 with low conductivity to γ-MnO2 with two orders of magnitude increase in electronic conductivity. We demonstrated that the highly conductive γ-MnO2 could be effectively exploited for ultrahigh areal loading electrode, and a normalized areal loading of 33 mAh cm−2 was achieved within 3 hours. At a mild temperature of 50° C., cells were cycled with an ultrahigh areal loading of 20 mAh cm−2 (1-2 orders of magnitude higher than previous studies) for over 200 cycles with only 13% capacity loss.

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