Electrophotographic member, developing apparatus, electrophotographic process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

A developing apparatus comprising a toner and a developing roller carrying the toner on a surface thereof,

• wherein the developing roller is an electrophotographic member comprising a substrate and a conductive layer on the substrate,
• the conductive layer has a thickness of 0.1 μm or more,
• the conductive layer contains a first resin, a second resin and a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion,
• the first resin is a crosslinked urethane resin containing, in a molecule, at least one selected from the group consisting of a cationic structure represented by the following formula (C-1) and a cationic structure represented by the following formula (C-2) as well as a polymer chain,
• the second resin is a crosslinked acrylic resin containing, in a molecule, at least one selected from the group consisting of a partial structure represented by the following formula (C-3), a partial structure represented by the following formula (C-4) and a partial structure represented by the following formula (C-5) as well as a polymer chain,
• when a region extending from an outer surface of the conductive layer to a depth of 0.1 μm is defined as a first region, the first resin and the second resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure in the first region,
• the toner comprises a toner particle having a toner mother particle containing a binder resin and an organosilicon polymer disposed on a surface of the toner mother particle,
• the toner mother particle has, on the surface thereof, a convex portion formed of the organosilicon polymer,
• wherein R11 to R15 are each independently any one selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c), and any two of R11 to R15 are (c):
• (a) a hydrogen atom;
• (b) a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
• and
• (c) a structure including a moiety bonded to the polymer chain of the crosslinked urethane resin,
• wherein R21 to R26 are each independently any one selected from the group consisting of the (a) to (c), and any two of R21 to R26 are (c),
• wherein R1 represents a structure containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and * represents a structure including a moiety bonded to the polymer chain of the crosslinked acrylic resin,
• wherein R2 represents a structure containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, and * represents a structure including a moiety bonded to the polymer chain of the crosslinked acrylic resin, and
• wherein R3 represents a structure containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, and * represents a structure including a moiety bonded to the polymer chain of the crosslinked acrylic resin.