Biomarker and use thereof

A method for evaluating intestinal barrier function in a subject, the method comprising the steps of:

• (1a) measuring a biomarker in a specimen derived from the subject to acquire a measurement value for the biomarker;
• (1b) comparing the measurement value acquired in step 1a with a reference value to acquire a comparison result;
• and
• (1c) evaluating intestinal barrier function in the subject on the basis of the comparison result acquired in step 1b,
• wherein the specimen is dry feces or wet feces,
• wherein when the specimen is dry feces, the biomarker comprises 3-methyladipic acid and optionally comprises one or more substances selected from Group A consisting of:
• formylanthranilic acid;
• diethanolamine;
• glycerol;
• 5,6-dihydroxyindole;
• formiminoglutamic acid;
• leucine;
• myristoleic acid;
• 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol;
• 4-guanidinobutyric acid;
• phenylalanine;
• 2′-deoxyadenosine and 5′-deoxyadenosine;
• lipoamide;
• 3-guanidinopropionic acid;
• acetanilide;
• histidine;
• γ-glutamyl-2-aminobutyric acid;
• methionine sulfoxide;
• phenylhydrazine;
• tryptophan;
• tyrosine;
• hydroxyindole;
• alanine;
• p-aminobenzoic acid;
• penicillamine;
• 2-cyanopyridine;
• glutamine;
• 2,4-diaminobutyric acid;
• trigonelline;
• 2-methylserine;
• glycylglycine;
• N,N-dimethylhistidine;
• valine;
• N-acetylphenylalanine;
• isoleucine;
• methionine;
• 7-glutamyl-valyl-glycine;
• N-acetylaspartic acid;
• threonic acid;
• alloisoleucine;
• arginine ethyl ester;
• 2,6-diaminopimelic acid;
• glucose 6-phosphate;
• adenosine;
• mucic acid;
• thymidine;
• glycocholic acid;
• 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate;
• isoleucyl-prolyl-proline;
• sedoheptulose 7-phosphate;
• fumaric acid;
• N-acetylmethionine;
• fructose 6-phosphate;
• glutamylglutamic acid;
• cysteine;
• N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate;
• ribose 5-phosphate;
• glucose 1-phosphate;
• 3′-cytidylic acid and 2′-cytidylic acid;
• dihydroxyacetone phosphate;
• 4-oxovaleric acid;
• 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate;
• glucosamine 6-phosphate;
• 2-hydroxyquinoline;
• 7-(tert-butyl)-4-imino-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,5-dione;
• 2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-en-1-yl acetate;
• α-aspartylphenylalanine;
• N1-[4-(1,3-oxazol-5-yl)phenyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxamide;
• 1-(2,4-dihydroxyquinolin-3-yl)ethan-1-one;
• 4-(diethylamino)salicylaldehyde;
• atenolol;
• 5-hydroxyindole;
• 6-methylquinoline;
• guanine;
• carboxyibuprofen;
• 3-isopropylmalic acid;
• bis(methylbenzylidene)sorbitol;
• 2-furoic acid;
• orotic acid;
• 2-acetamido-N-β-aspartyl-2-deoxyhexopyranosylamine;
• xanthosine;
• 1-propyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole hydrobromide;
• 4-phenolsulfonic acid;
• xanthohumol;
• laurolactam;
• adenine;
• 2′-deoxyguanosine;
• 6-hydroxypicolinic acid;
• D-(−)-quinic acid;
• 4-{[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)amino]methylidene}-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-5-one;
• 4-[(6E)-3-hydroxy-8,10-dimethyl-2-(methylamino)-6-dodecen-1-yl]phenol;
• ethyl 2-cyano-3-(tetrahydro-3-thiophenylamino)acrylate;
• 3-succinoylpyridine;
• proline;
• L-threo-3-phenylserine;
• (2,4-diamino-5-pyrimidinyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone;
• 3-morpholino-4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrol-1-ylcyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione;
• 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid;
• syringic acid;
• tranexamic acid;
• 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl 3,5-dimethylisoxazole-4-carboxylate;
• 3-methylhistidine;
• 5-methoxyindole;
• perillic acid;
• 6-methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-8-ol;
• piperonylonitrile;
• N1-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(morpholinomethyl)benzamide;
• N-methyl histamine;
• dibutylone;
• (−)-epigallocatechin;
• myriocin;
• 4-indolecarbaldehyde;
• uracil;
• dihydrothymine;
• 3-methylglutaric acid;
• 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol;
• valethamate;
• DL-arginine;
• (R)-equol;
• theobromine;
• 1,5-isoquinolinediol;
• 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid;
• 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-{[(2E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid;
• 3-hydroxypicolinic acid;
• theophylline;
• 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde;
• acetylcholine;
• and
• tridecylic acid, and
• wherein when the specimen is wet feces, the biomarker comprises 3-methyladipic acid and optionally comprises one or more substances selected from Group B consisting of:
• formylanthranilic acid;
• glycerol;
• formiminoglutamic acid;
• 5,6-dihydroxyindole;
• 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol;
• 4-guanidinobutyric acid;
• 2′-deoxyadenosine and 5′-deoxyadenosine;
• acetanilide;
• pyrophosphate;
• myristoleic acid;
• diethanolamine;
• thiaproline;
• hydroxyindole;
• 2,6-diaminopimelic acid;
• p-aminobenzoic acid;
• lipoamide;
• phenylhydrazine;
• 3-guanidinopropionic acid;
• N-acetylaspartic acid;
• 2,4-diaminobutyric acid;
• 7-glutamyl-2-aminobutyric acid;
• cysteine;
• glycerol 3-phosphate;
• glucose 6-phosphate;
• mucic acid;
• trigonelline;
• N-carbamoylaspartic acid;
• threonic acid;
• glycocholic acid;
• isobutyric acid and butyric acid;
• 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate;
• arginine ethyl ester;
• N-methylglutamic acid;
• pterin;
• N-acetylphenylalanine;
• ribulose 5-phosphate;
• fructose 6-phosphate;
• sedoheptulose 7-phosphate;
• N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate;
• ribose 5-phosphate;
• 3′-cytidylic acid and 2′-cytidylic acid;
• dihydroxyacetone phosphate;
• 4-oxovaleric acid;
• propranolol;
• 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate;
• 6-methylquinoline;
• N1-[4-(1,3-oxazol-5-yl)phenyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxamide;
• 2-hydroxyquinoline;
• L-threo-3-phenylserine;
• 4-(diethylamino)salicylaldehyde;
• 5-methoxyindole;
• 7-(tert-butyl)-4-imino-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydropyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,5-dione;
• 4-indolecarbaldehyde;
• carboxyibuprofen;
• piperonylonitrile;
• 5-hydroxyindole;
• orotic acid;
• glucose 1-phosphate;
• L-alanyl-L-proline;
• 2-acetamido-N-β-aspartyl-2-deoxyhexopyranosylamine;
• α-aspartylphenylalanine;
• 6-hydroxymelatonin;
• xanthosine;
• atenolol;
• (R)-equol;
• 2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-en-1-yl acetate;
• guanine;
• 1-(4-methyl-2-pyridyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione;
• laurolactam;
• olmesartan;
• adenine;
• uracil;
• 6-methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-8-ol;
• 1-propyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole hydrobromide;
• pseudouridine;
• D-(−)-quinic acid;
• acetylcholine;
• 3-isopropylmalic acid;
• 2-methoxy-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine;
• 3-amino-2-naphthoic acid;
• ornithine;
• 2′-deoxyguanosine;
• bis(methylbenzylidene)sorbitol;
• 2-furoic acid;
• 4-(tert-butyl)phenyl 3,5-dimethylisoxazole-4-carboxylate;
• pyridoxamine;
• tridecylic acid;
• 3-methylhistidine;
• hexanoic acid;
• azobenzene;
• (−)-epigallocatechin;
• 3-(2-thienyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-carbohydrazide;
• DL-lactic acid;
• 6-hydroxypicolinic acid;
• proline;
• 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-{[(2E)-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid;
• prolylglycine;
• and
• 4-[(6E)-3-hydroxy-8,10-dimethyl-2-(methylamino)-6-dodecen-1-yl]phenol.