Methods, apparatus, and systems for user-centric and decentralized roaming

A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprising:

• at least one processor configured to:
• send a request to a first network system requesting a roaming proof address from the first network system, wherein the first network system comprises a home network system through which the WTRU is registered for performing wireless communications;
• receive a response from the first network system comprising the roaming proof address, wherein the roaming proof address comprises an address to a second network system where roaming proof information is accessible via the roaming proof address;
• send the roaming proof address to a third network system to access the third network system, wherein the third network system is a visited network system;
• receive an authentication request from the third network system, wherein the authentication request comprises a request to perform authentication based on the roaming proof information;
• and
• send an authentication response to the third network system, wherein the authentication response comprises a response to the authentication request that is based on the roaming proof information.

A method performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising:

• sending a request to a first network system requesting a roaming proof address from the first network system, wherein the first network system comprises a home network system through which the WTRU is registered for performing wireless communications;
• receiving a response from the first network system comprising the roaming proof address, wherein the roaming proof address comprises an address to a second network system where roaming proof information is accessible via the roaming proof address;
• sending the roaming proof address to a third network system to access the third network system, wherein the third network system is a visited network system;
• receiving an authentication request from the third network system, wherein the authentication request comprises a request to perform authentication based on the roaming proof information;
• and
• sending an authentication response to the third network system, wherein the authentication response comprises a response to the authentication request that is based on the roaming proof information.