Systems, methods, and compositions for sequencing

A method for sequencing nucleic acid molecules, comprising:

• (a) loading a plurality of particles on a surface of a substrate to self-assemble and immobilize to the surface at a plurality of individually addressable locations,
• wherein the particles comprise beads, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanoballs, DNA nanostructures, nanoparticles, or a combination thereof,
• wherein the plurality of individually addressable locations is spaced apart on the surface by at least a diameter of a particle of the plurality of particles,
• wherein each of the plurality of particles comprises a moiety configured to attach to a template nucleic acid molecule of a plurality of template nucleic acid molecules,
• wherein subsequent to immobilizing the plurality of particles, the plurality of template nucleic acid molecules are immobilized to the plurality of individually addressable locations, wherein a majority of the plurality of individually addressable locations comprises at most one template nucleic acid molecule of the plurality of template nucleic acid molecules attached thereto;
• and
• (b) sequencing the plurality of template nucleic acid molecules, or reverse complements thereof, immobilized at the plurality of individually addressable locations on the surface of the substrate.