Systems and methods for managing electrical and internal combustion vehicles

The puck of any preceding claim, wherein the magnetometer is a three-axis magnetometer.

The puck of any preceding claim, further comprising a GNSS sensor.

The puck of any preceding claim, further comprising a battery.

The puck of any preceding claim, wherein the wireless transmitter is configured to communicate said values over one or more of the following connections:

• a Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) radio connection using either a licensed cellular transmission such as LTE CatM/NB-IOT or unlicensed bands such as LoRaWAN;
• and, a BLE connection.

A computerized system for selectively determining access of an electric vehicle (EV) or of an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICE) into a predetermined zone of interest, the system comprising:

• at least one thermal imaging camera configured to acquire at least one thermal image, said thermal image comprising at least a portion of said vehicle after said vehicle has accessed said predetermined zone of interest, and, in addition, at least a region of said predetermined zone of interest,
• wherein the system is configured to perform said selective determination based on a processing of said thermal image.

The system of any one of the preceding claims, the system further comprising a sensor configured to sense ingress of said vehicle into said interest zone.