Custom, patient-specific implants and methods of making thereof

A custom patient-specific interbody implant comprising:

• a body having an upper surface having an irregular surface topography and a lower surface having an irregular surface topography configured to contact adjacent vertebral bodies, wherein the upper surface and the lower surface which are custom contoured to fit between adjacent vertebral endplates of a specific patient,
• wherein the irregular surface topography of the upper surfaced and the irregular surface topography of the lower surface are predetermined from a virtual implant model generated by overlapping a portion of the virtual implant model with a portion of a virtual three-dimensional model of a spine of the patient simulated pre-operatively with a desired correction to the spine, such that any intersecting areas are subtracted from the virtual implant model to mimic the topography of the adjacent vertebral endplates of the patient, and wherein the virtual three-dimensional model of the spine of the patient is simulated based on segmentation of pre-operative two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging of the patient, thereby converting the virtual three-dimensional model of the spine to represent a standing posture instead of a lying posture of the patient.