Electrophotographic member, electrophotographic process cartridge, electrophotographic image forming apparatus, and copolymer

An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising the electrophotographic member as a developing member, wherein

• the electrophotographic member has a conductive substrate and a conductive layer on the substrate,
• the conductive layer comprises a compound having a structure represented by formula (1) and a structure represented by formula (2):
• in formula (1),
• R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
• R2 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
• R3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
• A1 represents a linking group including a structure represented by (—CH2CH2—O—);
• in formula (2),
• R12 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
• R13 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms,
• R14 represents a fluorine atom or a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and
• X+ represents at least one selected from the group consisting of a lithium ion, a sodium ion, and a potassium ion.

A copolymer having a structure represented by formula (1) and a structure represented by formula (2):

• in formula (1),
• R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
• R2 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
• R3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
• A1 represents a linking group including a structure represented by (—CH2CH2—O—) and a structure represented by (—CH2CH(CH3)—O—);
• in formula (2),
• R12 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group,
• R13 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms,
• R14 represents a fluorine atom or a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
• X+ represents at least one selected from the group consisting of a lithium ion, a sodium ion, and a potassium ion.