Reference electrodes of electrochemical sensors

A reference electrode in an electrochemical sensor, the reference electrode comprising:

• a substrate including:
• a first inner wall defining a well in the substrate, the well extending from a first surface of the substrate towards a second surface of the substrate, wherein the first surface is opposite the second surface;
• an electrically conductive element arranged in the substrate and between the first surface and the second surface;
• and
• a second inner wall defining a channel arranged in the substrate and between the first surface and the second surface, wherein a first end of the channel is connected to the well, the electrically conductive element is exposed to a second end of the channel, and the first end is opposite the second end.

An electrochemical sensor, comprising:

• one or more working electrodes in a substrate;
• and
• a reference electrode electrically coupled to the one or more working electrodes, the reference electrode comprising:
• a first inner wall defining a first well in the substrate, the first well extending from a first surface of the substrate towards a second surface of the substrate, wherein the first surface is opposite the second surface,
• an electrically conductive element arranged in the substrate and between the first surface and the second surface, and
• a second inner wall defining a channel arranged in the substrate and between the first surface and the second surface, wherein a first end of the channel is connected to the first well, the electrically conductive element is exposed to a second end of the channel, and the first end is opposite the second end.