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A compound of formula I

• in which
• U and V, identically or differently, denote C—F, C—Cl, C—CF3, C—CN, or N,
• L denotes straight chain alkyl having 1 to 8 C atoms, branched alkyl having 3 to 8 C atoms, cyclic alkyl having 3 to 8 C atoms, straight chain alkenyl having 2 to 8 C atoms, branched alkenyl having 3 to 8 C atoms, or cyclic alkenyl having 3 to 8 C atoms, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —O— or —S—, and in which one or more H atoms may each be replaced by F,
• T is selected from the following groups:
• a) straight chain alkyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, straight chain alkoxyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, branched alkyl having 3 to 20 C atoms, or branched alkoxy having 3 to 20 C atoms, where one or more CH2 groups in these radicals may each be replaced, independently of one another, by —C≡C—, —CH═CH—,
• —O—, —S—, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —SiR0R00—, —NH—, —NR0—, or —SO2— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, and in which one or more H atoms may each be replaced by halogen, CN, SCN or SF5,
• wherein R0, R00, identically or differently, denote an alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1 to 15 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more H atoms may each be replaced by halogen,
• b) a three- to ten-membered saturated or partially unsaturated aliphatic ring, in which at least one —CH2— group is replaced with —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —SO2—, —NRx—, or —N(O)Rx—, or in which at least one —CH=group is replaced with —N=, where Rx denotes straight-chain alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms or branched alkyl having 3_to 6 C atoms,
• c) a diamondoid radical;
• ZT, Z1, Z2, and Z4, on each occurrence, identically or differently, denote a single bond, —CF2O—, —OCF2—, —CF2S—, —SCF2—, —CH2O—, —OCH2—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)S—, —SC(O)—, —(CH2)n1—, —(CF2)n2—, —CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2—, —CH═CH—, —CF═CF—, —CF=CH—, —CH═CF—, —(CH2)n3O—, —O(CH2)n4—, —C—C—, —O—, —S—, —CH═N—, —N═CH—, —N═N—, —N═N(O)—, —N(O)═N—, or —N═C—C═N—, wherein n1, n2, n3 and n4, identically or differently, are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10,
• Z3 denotes —O—, -5-, —CH2—, —C(O)—, —CF2—, —CHF—, —C(Rx)2—, —S(O)—, or —SO2—,
• on each occurrence, identically or differently, denote an aromatic, heteroaromatic, alicyclic or heteroaliphatic ring having 4 to 25 ring atoms, which may also contain condensed rings and which may be mono- or polysubstituted by Y,
• denotes an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 5 to 25 ring atoms, which may also contain condensed rings and which may be mono- or polysubstituted by YC,
• Y on each occurrence, identically or differently, denotes F, Cl, CN, SCN, SF5, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy, in each case optionally fluorinated, having 1 to 12 C atoms, branched alkyl or alkoxy, in each case optionally fluorinated, having 3 to 12 C atoms, straight-chain alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy, in each case optionally fluorinated, having 2 to 12 C atoms, or branched alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy, in each case optionally fluorinated, having 4 to 12 C atoms,
• YC has one of the meanings of Y or denotes cycloalkyl having 3 to 12 C atoms or alkylcycloalkyl having 4_to 12 C atoms,
• Sp denotes a spacer group or a single bond,
• R0, R00, Rx denotes straight-chain alkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms or branched alkyl having 3_to 6 C atoms,
• G denotes —OH, —SH, —SO2OH, —OP(O)(OH)2, —PO(OH)2, —C(OH)(PO(OH)2)2, —COOH, —Si(ORx)3, —SiCl3, —CH═CH2, —POCl2, —COH(PO(OH)2)2, —CO(NHOH), —CO(NR0OH), —Si(NMe2)3, or straight chain alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms or branched alkyl having 3 to 12 C atoms in which one, two or three not geminal H atoms are replaced by OH, —O—C(O)—ORV, —O—C(O)—Si(ORx)3, PO(ORV)2, or SO2ORV,
• RV denotes straight chain alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms or branched alkyl having 3 to 12 C atoms, and
• R, s, t, and u, identically or differently, are 0, 1 or 2.