Biomarkers for multiple sclerosis

A method for monitoring disease risk, progression, or regression of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a subject, the method comprising:

• detecting the level levels of at least two biomarkers of the GLX in a first biological sample from a subject, wherein the subject is considered as having multiple sclerosis or at risk of developing multiple sclerosis, wherein the at least two biomarkers are glycocalyx(GLX)-related molecules;
• comparing the levels of the at least two biomarkers in the first biological sample to at least one reference levels level for the at least two biomarkers, wherein the at least one reference level for the at least two biomarkers was determined;
• determining a cut-off level using a multivariate statistical analysis comprising machine learning, which transforms the of levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in at least one second biological sample to the cut-off level;
• and
• determining that the subject has a risk, a progression, or a regression of MS based at least in part on a result of the comparing of the levels of the at least two biomarkers in the first biological sample to the at least one reference level if the levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in the biological sample differ from the reference levels for the at least two biomarkers with respect to the cut-off level, and wherein the cut-off level indicates a risk of MS or the progression or regression of MS.

A method for monitoring disease progression or regression of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a subject, the method comprising:

• detecting a level of at least two GLX-related biomarkers of the GLX in at least one first biological sample from at least one subject considered as having multiple sclerosis or at risk of developing multiple sclerosis;
• detecting the level of the at least two GLX-related biomarkers in at least one second biological sample from the subject, wherein said second biological sample has been obtained at a different time point than said at least one first biological sample from said at least one subject;
• comparing the levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in the second biological sample;
• and
• determining at least one cut-off level for the at least two GLX-related biomarkers using a multivariate statistical analysis to transform the levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in the first and/or second samples to the cut-off level;
• and determining that the subject has a progression or a regression of MS if the levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in the first biological sample differ from the levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in the second biological sample with respect to the cut-off level, and wherein the at least one cut-off level indicates risk, progression, or regression of MS.

A method for monitoring disease progression or regression of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a subject, the method comprising:

• detecting the level levels of at least two biomarkers in a first biological sample from a subject, wherein the subject is considered as having multiple sclerosis or at risk of developing multiple sclerosis, wherein the at least one of the two biomarkers comprises a comprise GLX-related biomarker biomarkers;
• detecting the level levels of the at least two biomarkers in a second biological sample from the subject, wherein said second biological sample has been obtained at a different time point than said first biological sample from said subject;
• comparing the levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in the first biological sample and/or the second biological sample;
• determining a cut-off from the subject to at least one reference level determined using a multivariate statistical analysis of to transform the levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in at least one other biological sample the first and/or second samples to the cut-off level;
• and
• determining that the subject has a risk, a progression or a regression of MS based at least in part on a result of the comparing of the levels of the at least two biomarkers in the first biological sample and/or the second biological sample to the at least one reference level detected in the first biological sample differ from the levels of the at least two biomarkers detected in the second biological sample with respect to the cut-off level, wherein the cut-off level indicates the progression or regression of MS, and wherein the at least two biomarkers in the first biological sample and the same at least two biomarkers in the second biological sample are detected by a method selected from the group consisting of:
• binding agents, immunoassays, antibody recognition, multiplexing, dot blotting, beads, microspheres, single-molecule array technology, mass spectrometry, HPLC, Raman spectroscopy, NIR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy.

A method comprising:

• evaluating a biological sample from a subject for indications of glycocalyx (GLX) shedding in the subject, wherein evaluating the biological sample for indications of presence of glycocalyx shedding comprises detecting levels of at least two GLX-related molecules in the biological sample;
• determining a risk of the subject for multiple sclerosis (MS) based on whether the biological sample shows indications of GLX shedding, wherein determining the risk of the subject comprises comparing the levels in the biological sample of the at least two GLX-related molecules to respective reference levels for the at least two GLX-related molecules;
• and
• outputting the risk of the subject for MS.

At least one computer-readable storage medium having encoded thereon executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out a method, the method comprising:

• evaluating a biological sample from a subject for indications of glycocalyx (GLX) shedding in the subject, wherein evaluating the biological sample for indications of presence of glycocalyx shedding comprises detecting levels of at least two GLX-related molecules in the biological sample;
• determining a risk of the subject for multiple sclerosis (MS) based on whether the biological sample shows indications of GLX shedding, wherein determining the risk of the subject comprises comparing the levels in the biological sample of the at least two GLX-related molecules to respective reference levels for the at least two GLX-related molecules;
• and
• outputting the risk of the subject for MS.

An apparatus comprising:

• at least one processor;
• and
• at least one storage medium having encoded thereon executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out a method, the method comprising:
• evaluating a biological sample from a subject for indications of glycocalyx (GLX) shedding in the subject, wherein evaluating the biological sample for indications of presence of glycocalyx shedding comprises detecting levels of at least two GLX-related molecules in the biological sample;
• determining a risk of the subject for multiple sclerosis (MS) based on whether the biological sample shows indications of GLX shedding, wherein determining the risk of the subject comprises comparing the levels in the biological sample of the at least two GLX-related molecules to respective reference levels for the at least two GLX-related molecules;
• and
• outputting the risk of the subject for MS.