Detecting cancer

A method of treating a subject, wherein the method comprises:

• determining whether the subject is at risk for having a progressing or high-grade pre-invasive lesion, nodule or small mass, or having a solid malignant tumour by:
• (i) determining a ratio of activated and/or exhausted T cells:naïve and/or resting T cells in a sample of blood obtained from the subject, wherein the determining comprises analysing T cells using cytometry to detect the presence or absence of a panel of biomarkers comprising Ki67 and CD39, and wherein the subject is at risk if the ratio of activated and/or exhausted T cells:naïve and/or resting T cells is equal to or greater than
• a ratio of activated and/or exhausted T cells:naïve and/or resting T cells of a comparison subject, or
• an average ratio of activated and/or exhausted T cells:naïve and/or resting T cells of a plurality of comparison subjects;
• (ii) determining a ratio of activated and/or exhausted T cells:T cells which are not activated and/or exhausted T cells in a sample of blood obtained from the subject, wherein the determining comprises analysing T cells using cytometry to detect the presence or absence of a panel of biomarkers comprising Ki67 and CD39, and wherein the subject is at risk if the ratio of activated and/or exhausted T cells:T cells which are not activated and/or exhausted is equal to or greater than
• a ratio of activated and/or exhausted T cells:T cells which are not activated and/or exhausted of a comparison subiect, or
• an average ratio of activated and/or exhausted T cells:T cells which are not activated and/or exhausted of a plurality of comparison subjects;
• or
• (iii) determining a proportion of activated and/or exhausted T cells as a percentage of T cells in a sample of blood of the subject, wherein the determining comprises analysing T cells using cytometry to detect either (a) the presence of Ki67 and CD39 and/or (b) the presence of FoxP3, wherein the activated and/or exhausted T cells are CD4 T cells, and wherein the subject is at risk if
• the proportion of activated and/or exhausted T cells is higher than the proportion of activated and/or exhausted T cells in a comparison subject, or
• the proportion of activated and/or exhausted T cells is higher than the average proportion of activated and/or exhausted T cells in a plurality of comparison subjects;
• determining the subiect is at risk for having a progressing or high-grade pre-invasive lesion, nodule or small mass, or having a solid malignant tumour;
• and
• providing treatment to the subject based on the determination that the subject is at risk.