# US 2026/0130985 A1 · Nucleic acid-based universal vaccine and methods of use thereof

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- Number: US 2026/0130985 A1
- Document ID: US20260130985A1
- Status: Published application
- Kind: A1
- Application number: 19/114,594
- Filed: 2023-09-25
- Published: 2026-05-14
- Earliest claimed: 2022-09-23
- Applicants: Advanced Rna Vaccine (Arv) Technologies, Inc.
- Inventors: Huabin ZHU; Yangiun QIN; Renhuan XU
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20260130985A1

## CPC

- A61K 39/12: Viral antigens
- A61K 39/215: Coronaviridae, e.g. avian infectious bronchitis virus
- A61K 39/0005: {Vertebrate antigens (from snakes A61K39/38)}
- A61K 39/275: Poxviridae, e.g. avipoxvirus
- A61P 31/14: for RNA viruses
- C12N 15/11: DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof (DNA or RNA not used in recombinant technology, C07H21/00); {Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity}
- A61K 2039/53: {DNA (RNA) vaccination}
- A61K 2039/54: {characterised by the route of administration}
- A61K 2039/545: {characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule}
- A61K 2039/55555: {Liposomes; Vesicles, e.g. nanoparticles; Spheres, e.g. nanospheres; Polymers}
- A61K 2039/572: {cytotoxic response}
- A61K 2039/575: {humoral response}
- A61K 2039/70: {Multivalent vaccine}
- A61P 31/20: for DNA viruses
- C12N 2710/16634: Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
- C12N 2710/24034: Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
- C12N 2770/20034: Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
- A61K: PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES (devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms A61J3/00; chemical aspects of, or use of materials for deodorisation of air, for disinfection or sterilisation, or for bandages, dressings, absorbent pads or surgical articles A61L; soap compositions C11D)
- A61P: SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- C12N: MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA (microbiological testing media C12Q1/00)

## Abstract

Described herein are compositions including a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., mRNA) encoding an infection agent antigenic polypeptide and a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., mRNA) encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope (UTE), as well as compositions including a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., mRNA) encoding an infection agent antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope, and methods for using the compositions.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A composition comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding an infection agent antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 2

A composition comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding an infection agent antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1, 2)

The composition of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the at least one universal T-cell epitope is as set forth in Tables 1-5.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1, 2, 3)

The composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the infection agent is a virus.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The composition of claim 4, wherein the virus is a human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MeV), influenza virus, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), poxvirus, feline coronavirus (FCoV) or a coronavirus, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

The composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

The composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 8 (depends on 5, 6, 7)

The composition of any one of claims 5-7, wherein the coronavirus is a human coronavirus.

### Claim 9 (depends on 5, 6, 7)

The composition of any one of claims 5-7, wherein the coronavirus is selected from HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCOV-NL, HCOV-NH, HCoV-NL63, SARS-COV, SARS-COV-2, and MERS-COV.

### Claim 10 (depends on 5, 6, 7, 8)

The composition of any one of claims 5-8, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-COV-2.

### Claim 11 (depends on 5, 6, 7)

The composition of any one of claims 5-7, wherein the poxvirus is monkeypox.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

The composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 13

A composition comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 14

A composition comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 15

A composition comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 16

A composition comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 17

A composition comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2) antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 18

A composition comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2) antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 19 (depends on 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18)

The composition of any one of claims 13-18, wherein the at least one universal T-cell epitope is as set forth in Tables 1-5.

### Claim 20 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19)

The composition of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits an antibody response in a subject.

### Claim 21 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20)

The composition of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits a broad T-cell response in a subject.

### Claim 22 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21)

The composition of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits both an antibody response and a T-cell response in a subject.

### Claim 23 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22)

The composition of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is a DNA, RNA, any combination thereof (e.g., plasmid DNA, minicircle DNA, minimalistic, immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) and Doggybone, messenger RNA (mRNA), circle (cirRNA), self-amplifying-RNA (saRNA, also refer as SAM), or DNA launched SAM (DLSAM)).

### Claim 24

A nanoparticle comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding an infection agent antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 25

A nanoparticle comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding an infection agent antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 26 (depends on 24, 25)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-25, wherein the at least one universal T-cell epitope is as set forth in Tables 1-5.

### Claim 27 (depends on 24, 25, 26)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-26, wherein the infection agent is a virus.

### Claim 28 (depends on 27)

The nanoparticle of claim 27, wherein the virus is a human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MeV), influenza virus, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), poxvirus, feline coronavirus (FCoV) or a coronavirus, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 29 (depends on 24, 25, 26, 27, 28)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-28, wherein the mRNA encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 30 (depends on 24, 25, 26, 27, 28)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-28, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 31 (depends on 28, 29, 30)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 28-30, wherein the coronavirus is a human coronavirus.

### Claim 32 (depends on 28, 29, 30, 31)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 28-31, wherein the coronavirus is selected from HCoV-229E, HcoV-OC43, HcoV-HKU1, HcoV-NL, HcoV-NH, HcoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, SARS-COV-2, and MERS-COV.

### Claim 33 (depends on 28, 29, 30, 31, 32)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 28-32, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-COV-2.

### Claim 34 (depends on 28, 29, 30)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 28-30, wherein the poxvirus is monkeypox.

### Claim 35 (depends on 24, 25, 26, 27)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-27, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 36

A nanoparticle comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 37

A nanoparticle comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 38

A nanoparticle comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 39

A nanoparticle comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 40

A nanoparticle comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2) antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 41

A nanoparticle comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2) antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 42 (depends on 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 36-41, wherein the at least one universal T-cell epitope is as set forth in Tables 1-5.

### Claim 43 (depends on 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-42, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits an antibody response in a subject.

### Claim 44 (depends on 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-43, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits a T-cell response in a subject.

### Claim 45 (depends on 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-44, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits both an antibody response and a T-cell response in a subject.

### Claim 46 (depends on 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45)

The nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-45, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is DNA, RNA, any combination thereof (e.g., plasmid DNA, minicircle DNA, minimalistic, immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) and Doggybone, messenger RNA (mRNA), circle (cirRNA), self-amplifying-RNA (saRNA, also refer as SAM), or DNA launched SAM (DLSAM)).

### Claim 47

A vaccine comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding an infection agent antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 48

A vaccine comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding an infection agent antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 49 (depends on 47, 48)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-48, wherein the at least one universal T-cell epitope is as set forth in Tables 1-5.

### Claim 50 (depends on 47, 48)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-48, wherein the infection agent is a virus.

### Claim 51 (depends on 50)

The vaccine of claim 50, wherein the virus is a human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MeV), influenza virus, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), poxvirus, feline coronavirus (FCoV) or a coronavirus, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 52 (depends on 47, 48, 49, 50)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-50, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 53 (depends on 47, 48, 49, 50)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-50, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigenic polypeptide, or a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 54 (depends on 51, 52, 53)

The vaccine of any one of claims 51-53, wherein the coronavirus is a human coronavirus.

### Claim 55 (depends on 51, 52, 53, 54)

The vaccine of any one of claims 51-54, wherein the coronavirus is selected from HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCOV-NL, HCOV-NH, HCOV-NL63, SARS-COV, SARS-COV-2, and MERS-COV.

### Claim 56 (depends on 51, 52, 53, 54, 55)

The vaccine of any one of claims 51-55, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-COV-2.

### Claim 57 (depends on 51, 52, 53)

The vaccine of any one of claims 51-53, wherein the poxvirus is monkeypox.

### Claim 58 (depends on 47, 48, 49, 50)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-50, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 59

A vaccine comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 60

A vaccine comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide and
at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 61

A vaccine comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 62

A vaccine comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 63

A vaccine comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2) antigenic polypeptide, and
a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 64

A vaccine comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding a herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2) antigenic polypeptide and at least one universal T-cell epitope.

### Claim 65 (depends on 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64)

The vaccine of any one of claims 59-64, wherein the at least one universal T-cell epitope is as set forth in Tables 1-5.

### Claim 66 (depends on 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-65, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits an antibody response in a subject.

### Claim 67 (depends on 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-66, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits a T-cell response in a subject.

### Claim 68 (depends on 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-67, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the infection agent antigenic polypeptide elicits both an antibody response and a T-cell response in a subject.

### Claim 69 (depends on 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-68, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is a DNA, RNA, any combination thereof (e.g., plasmid DNA, minicircle DNA, minimalistic, immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) and Doggybone, messenger RNA (mRNA), circle (cirRNA), self-amplifying-RNA (saRNA, also refer as SAM), or DNA launched SAM (DLSAM)).

### Claim 70 (depends on 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69)

The vaccine of any one of claims 47-69, wherein the universal T-cell epitope provides broader protection against infection agent variants.

### Claim 71 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70)

A method of treating, inhibiting, reducing, ameliorating, and/or preventing an infection caused by an infection agent in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition of any one of claims 1-23, a nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-46, or vaccine of any one of claims 47-70.

### Claim 72 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70)

A method of activating T cells, B cells, or any combination thereof comprising contacting a T cells, B cells, or any combination thereof with a composition of any one of claims 1-23, a nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-46, or vaccine of any one of claims 47-70.

### Claim 73 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70)

A method of stimulating the proliferation of T cells, B cells, or any combination comprising contacting a T cells, B cells, or any combination thereof with a composition of any one of claims 1-23, a nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-46, or vaccine of any one of claims 47-70.

### Claim 74 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70)

A method of eliciting an immune response in a subject to an infection agent comprising administering to the subject a composition of any one of claims 1-23, a nanoparticle of any one of claims 24-46, or vaccine of any one of claims 47-70.

### Claim 75 (depends on 74)

The method of claim 74, wherein the immune response comprises a cellular immune response, humoral immune response, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 76

A method of enhancing an immune response generated by a nucleic acid vaccine, the method comprising:
introducing a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope into the nucleic acid vaccine.

### Claim 77

A method of enhancing an immune response generated by a nucleic acid vaccine, the method comprising:
introducing a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope as set forth in Tables 1-5 into the nucleic acid vaccine.

### Claim 78 (depends on 77)

The method of claim 77, wherein introduction of the nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one universal T-cell epitope broadens immune response against an infection agent variant.

### Claim 79 (depends on 76, 77, 78)

The method of any one of claims 76-78, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is a DNA, RNA, any combination thereof (e.g., plasmid DNA, minicircle DNA, minimalistic, immunologically defined gene expression (MIDGE) and Doggybone, messenger RNA (mRNA), circle (cirRNA), self-amplifying-RNA (saRNA, also refer as SAM), or DNA launched SAM (DLSAM)).

### Claim 80 (depends on 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79)

The method of any one of claims 71-79, wherein the infection agent is a virus.

### Claim 81 (depends on 80)

The method of claim 80, wherein the virus comprises a human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MeV), influenza virus, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), poxvirus, feline coronavirus (FCoV) or a coronavirus, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 82 (depends on 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81)

The method of any one of claims 71-81, wherein the mRNA encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 83 (depends on 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81)

The method of any one of claims 71-81, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or a coronavirus antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.

### Claim 84 (depends on 81, 82, 83)

The method of any one of claims 81-83, wherein the coronavirus is a human coronavirus.

### Claim 85 (depends on 81, 82, 83, 84)

The method of any one of claims 81-84, wherein the coronavirus is selected from HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCOV-NL, HCOV-NH, HCOV-NL63, SARS-COV, SARS-COV-2, and MERS-COV.

### Claim 86 (depends on 81, 82, 83, 84, 85)

The method of any one of claims 81-85, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-COV-2.

### Claim 87 (depends on 81, 82, 83)

The method of any one of claims 81-83, wherein the poxvirus is monkeypox.

### Claim 88 (depends on 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81)

The method of any one of claims 71-81, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes at least one human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigenic polypeptide, parainfluenza viruses (PIV) antigenic polypeptide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigenic polypeptide, measles virus (MeV) antigenic polypeptide, influenza virus antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) antigenic polypeptide, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) antigenic polypeptide, poxvirus antigenic polypeptide, feline coronavirus (FCOV) antigenic polypeptide, or any combination thereof.