# US 2026/0089518 A1 · Method and apparatus for enhanced multi-link multi radio (emlmr) operation > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2026/0089518 A1 - Document ID: US20260089518A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 19/405,238 - Filed: 2025-12-01 - Published: 2026-03-26 - Earliest claimed: 2022-06-27 - Assignees: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. - Applicants: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. - Inventors: Vishnu Vardhan Ratnam; Rubayet Shafin; Boon Loong Ng; Peshal Nayak - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20260089518A1 ## CPC - H04W 24/02: Arrangements for optimising operational condition - H04L 1/0003: {by switching between different modulation schemes} - H04L 1/0009: {by adapting the channel coding (H04L1/1812 takes precedence)} - H04L 1/0025: {Transmission of mode-switching indication} - H04W 84/12: WLAN [Wireless Local Area Networks] - H04W: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (broadcast communication H04H; communication systems using wireless links for non-selective communication, e.g. wireless extensions H04M1/72) - H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M) ## Abstract Methods and apparatuses for facilitating enhanced multi-link multi-radio (EMLMR) operation of multi-link devices (MLDs). A non-access point (AP) MLD comprises EMLMR STAS, each comprising a transceiver configured to form a link with a corresponding AP of an AP MLD, and a processor. Each link is configured to support a respective basic modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and number of spatial streams (NSS), and the links are EMLMR links configured to operate in an EMLMR mode of operation in which the EMLMR links support an enhanced MCS and NSS. A first of the EMLMR STAs, in the EMLMR mode of operation, is configured to conduct a first EMLMR frame exchange with a first of the APs over a first of the links. The processor is operably coupled to the EMLMR STAs, and configured to control a behavior of other EMLMR STAs on other EMLMR links during the first EMLMR frame exchange. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A non-access point (AP) multi-link device (MLD), comprising: enhanced multi-link multi-radio (EMLMR) stations (STAs), a first of the EMLMR STAs configured to form an EMLMR link with a first AP affiliated with an AP MLD, wherein the first EMLMR STAs is configured to perform frame exchanges with the first AP during a transmission opportunity (TXOP) using physical protocol data units (PPDUs) at an EMLMR-supported modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and number of spatial streams (NSS); and a processor operably coupled to the EMLMR STAs, the processor configured to control a behavior of another of the EMLMR STAs during the TXOP. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The non-AP MLD of claim 1, wherein to control the behavior of the other EMLMR STA during the TXOP, the processor is configured to, when the frame exchanges are not finished, control the other EMLMR STA to not initiate a frame exchange with another AP affiliated with the AP MLD. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The non-AP MLD of claim 1, wherein to control the behavior of the other EMLMR STA, the processor is configured to, after the frame exchanges are finished, allow the other EMLMR STA to initiate a frame exchange with another AP affiliated with the AP MLD. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The non-AP MLD of claim 1, wherein to enable EMLMR operation of the EMLMR STAs, one of the EMLMR STAs is further configured to transmit, to an AP of the AP MLD, enhanced multi-link (EML) operating mode notification frame. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The non-AP MLD of claim 4, wherein the EML operating mode notification frame includes an EMLMR supported MCS and NSS set subfield indicating the EMLMR-supported MCS and NSS. ### Claim 6 (depends on 4) The non-AP MLD of claim 4, wherein the non-AP MLD is configured to receive a response frame from the AP of the AP MLD in response to the EML operating mode notification frame transmitted by the one EMLMR STA. ### Claim 7 A method performed by a non-access point (AP) multi-link device (MLD), the method comprising: forming, by a first enhanced multi-link multi-radio (EMLMR) station (STA) of EMLMR STAs affiliated with the non-AP MLD, an EMLMR link with a first AP affiliated with an AP MLD; performing, by a first of the EMLMR STAs, frame exchanges during a transmission opportunity (TXOP) using physical protocol data units (PPDUs) at an EMLMR-supported modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and number of spatial streams (NSS); and controlling a behavior of another of the EMLMR STAs during the TXOP. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7, wherein controlling the behavior of the other EMLMR STA during the TXOP, comprises, when the frame exchanges are not finished, controlling the other EMLMR STA to not initiate a frame exchange with another AP affiliated with the AP MLD. ### Claim 9 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7, wherein controlling the behavior of the other EMLMR STA, comprises, after the frame exchanges are finished, allowing the other EMLMR STA to initiate a frame exchange with another AP affiliated with the AP MLD. ### Claim 10 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7, further comprising enabling EMLMR operation of the EMLMR STAs by transmitting, by one of the EMLMR STAs to an AP of the APMLD, enhanced multi-link (EML) operating mode notification frame. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, wherein the EML operating mode notification frame includes an EMLMR supported MCS and NSS set subfield indicating the EMLMR-supported MCS and NSS. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, further comprising receiving a response frame from the AP of the AP MLD in response to the EML operating mode notification frame transmitted by the one EMLMR STA. ### Claim 13 An access point (AP) multi-link device (MLD), comprising: APs, a first of the APs configured to form an enhanced multi-link multi-radio (EMLMR) link with a first EMLMR station (STA) affiliated with an non-AP MLD, wherein the first AP is configured to perform frame exchanges with the first EMLMR STA during a transmission opportunity (TXOP) using physical protocol data units (PPDUs) at an EMLMR-supported modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and number of spatial streams (NSS); and a processor operably coupled to the APs, the processor configured to control a behavior of another AP during the TXOP. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The AP MLD of claim 13, wherein to control the behavior of the other AP during the TXOP, the processor is configured to, when the frame exchanges with the first EMLMR STA are not finished, control the other AP to not initiate a frame exchange with another EMLMR STA affiliated with the non-AP MLD. ### Claim 15 (depends on 13) The AP MLD of claim 13, wherein to control the behavior of the other AP, the processor is configured to, after the frame exchanges are finished, allow the other AP to initiate a frame exchange with another EMLMR STA affiliated with the AP MLD. ### Claim 16 (depends on 13) The AP MLD of claim 13, wherein the first AP is configured to receive, an enhanced multi-link (EML) operating mode notification frame, NSS. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The AP MLD of claim 16, wherein the EML operating mode notification frame includes an EMLMR supported MCS and NSS set subfield indicating the EMLMR-supported MCS and NSS. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The AP MLD of claim 17, wherein the first AP is configured to transmit a response frame in response to the reception of the EML operating mode notification frame including the EMLMR supported MCS and NSS set subfield from an EMLMR STA of the non-AP MLD.