Inorganic broadband plasmonic modulator

A method comprising:

• receiving an optical signal at an optical waveguide disposed in a substrate and configured for guiding the optical signal, a top surface of the optical waveguide being at least in part in a same plane as a top surface of the substrate, the optical waveguide having a longitudinally linear section;
• applying an electrical signal to a first stack assembly and a second stack assembly,
• the first stack assembly longitudinally disposed on the top surface of the substrate and at least partially on the top surface of the longitudinally linear section of the optical waveguide;
• and
• the second stack assembly longitudinally disposed on the top surface of the substrate and at least partially on the top surface of the longitudinally linear section of the optical waveguide, the first and the second stack assemblies being separated by a gap above and longitudinally aligned with the optical waveguide, each stack assembly of the first and the second stack assemblies comprising:
• an anode layer;
• an insulating coating disposed on top of the anode layer;
• at least one inorganic modulation material layers disposed on the insulating coating;
• and
• a cathode layer disposed on top of the at least one inorganic modulation material layers.