Heat exchanger and tubesheet for use in urea production

A heat exchanger for use in a urea production system, the heat exchanger comprising:

• a first chamber;
• a second chamber adjacent to the first chamber;
• a first tubesheet provided between the first chamber and the second chamber;
• a first plurality of holes provided in the tubesheet;
• a plurality of tubes in fluid communication with the first chamber and extending through the second chamber;
• wherein the second chamber is sealed from the first chamber;
• the first tubesheet comprises:
• a first base layer having a first base layer surface;
• a first clad layer explosively welded to the first base layer surface;
• wherein the first base layer comprises a first carbon steel;
• and
• the first clad layer comprises a stainless steel alloy, a first austenitic stainless steel, a first superaustenitic stainless steel, a first duplex stainless steel, or a first super-duplex steel stainless steel;
• and
• the heat exchanger is configured for use in at least one step in a urea production process.