Developing apparatus, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

A developing apparatus comprising:

• a developing roller and a toner, wherein
• the developing roller comprises
• a substrate having a conductive outer surface, and
• a conductive layer on the outer surface of the substrate,
• an outer surface of the developing roller is formed of at least a first region and a second region having higher conductivity than the first region,
• the first region and the second region are placed adjacent to each other,
• the first region is placed on an outer surface of the conductive layer,
• the toner comprises a toner particle and a fine particle, the fine particle comprises a compound comprising a metal element,
• the metal element is at least one element selected from the group consisting of a titanium element, an aluminum element, a zirconium element, and a zinc element,
• when the toner surface is measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the abundance ratio of the metal element is 2.0 to 20.0 atomic %, and
• an average circularity of the toner is 0.970 or more.