Developing apparatus, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

A process cartridge configured to be attachable to and detachable from a main body of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, wherein

• the process cartridge comprises a developing apparatus comprising a developing roller and a toner, wherein
• the toner comprises a toner particle comprising a crystalline material,
• the toner has a resistivity of not more than 2.00×1014 Ω·m at a frequency of 0.01 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement,
• the developing roller comprises a substrate having a conductive outer surface, and a resin layer on the outer surface of the substrate,
• the developing roller has an impedance Z of at least 1.00×104 Ω at a frequency of 1.0×102 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement,
• the developing roller has a phase θ1 of −40° to −10° at a frequency of 1.0×102 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement, and
• the developing roller has a phase θ2 of not more than −60° at a frequency of 1.0×104 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement.

An electrophotographic image forming apparatus, comprising a developing apparatus comprising a developing roller and a toner, wherein

• the toner comprises a toner particle comprising a crystalline material,
• the toner has a resistivity of not more than 2.00×1014 Ω·m at a frequency of 0.01 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement,
• the developing roller comprises a substrate having a conductive outer surface, and a resin layer on the outer surface of the substrate,
• the developing roller has an impedance Z of at least 1.00×104 Ω at a frequency of 1.0×102 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement,
• the developing roller has a phase θ1 of −40° to −10° at a frequency of 1.0×102 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement, and
• the developing roller has a phase θ2 of not more than −60° at a frequency of 1.0×104 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement.