Decoders, decoding methods, memory systems, and operating methods and controllers thereof

A memory system, comprising:

• a memory, configured to:
• output read data;
• and
• a decoder, configured to:
• decode a codeword to be decoded in the read data, wherein the decoder, characterized in that, including a first processing circuit, a second processing circuit, a processor, and a bit flipping circuit, wherein
• the first processing circuit is configured to:
• obtain a check expression and a check expression weight based on a codeword to be decoded in a current iteration and a check matrix;
• the second processing circuit is configured to:
• obtain energy of the codeword to be decoded in the current iteration based on the check matrix, the check expression, and a flipping state of the codeword to be decoded in the current iteration;
• the processor is configured to:
• determine a flipping threshold in the current iteration based on a changing state of the check expression weight;
• and
• the bit flipping circuit is configured to:
• output a codeword to be decoded in a next iteration based on a comparison result of the energy of the codeword to be decoded in the current iteration and the flipping threshold in the current iteration determined by the processor.

An operating method for a memory system, the operating method including:

• reading data using a memory;
• and
• decoding a codeword to be decoded in the read data using a decoding method comprising:
• obtaining a check expression and a check expression weight based on a codeword to be decoded in a current iteration and a check matrix;
• obtaining energy of the codeword to be decoded in the current iteration based on the check matrix, the check expression, and a flipping state of the codeword to be decoded in the current iteration;
• determining a flipping threshold in the current iteration, based on a changing state of the check expression weight;
• and
• outputting a codeword to be decoded in a next iteration based on a comparison result of the energy of the codeword to be decoded in the current iteration and the flipping threshold in the current iteration.