Transparent photovoltaic devices including vacuum deposited photoactive metal and metalloid complexes derived from diketopyrrolopyrrole

A photovoltaic device comprising:

• a substrate;
• a first electrode coupled to the substrate;
• a second electrode above the first electrode;
• a first photoactive layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first photoactive layer comprises a compound having the formula:
• wherein M is a metal, a metalloid, or a nonmetal coordinated to A,
• wherein A is F, C1, O, Ar, O—Ar, or CN,
• wherein Ar is an aromatic or fused aromatic ring or a heterocyclic ring containing N, S, or O, and wherein Ar has one or more substituents selected from H, a halogen, CN, CX3, wherein X is a halogen, or a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl or alkylene group having a molecular weight of from 15 amu to 150 amu,
• wherein each Y1 is independently C(CN)2, O, S, or N—CN,
• wherein Z is C, N, C—CF3, or C—CN,
• wherein D1 is an aromatic or fused aromatic ring or a heterocyclic or fused heterocyclic ring containing N, S, or O, and wherein D1 has one or more substituents selected from H, a halogen, CN, CX3, or a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkylene, or alkoxy group having a molecular weight of from 15 amu to 150 amu, and
• wherein D2 is a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic or heterocyclic ring or a fused heterocyclic ring containing N, S, Se, or O, and wherein D2 has one or more substituents selected from H, a halogen, CN, CX3, or a straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkylene, or alkoxy group having a molecular weight of from 15 amu to 150 amu;
• and
• a second photoactive layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the second photoactive layer comprises a counterpart electron donor material or a counterpart electron acceptor material, and wherein the first photoactive layer and the second photoactive layer correspond to separate photoactive layers, partially mixed photoactive layers, or a fully mixed photoactive layer.