Composite materials forming solid interphase layers, batteries containing the same, and methods of making the same

An electrode material comprising:

• an anode metal material comprising lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, or alloys thereof and having an electrochemically active surface;
• and
• a composite material comprising:
• a) a carbonaceous polymeric material halogenated with a first halogen and comprising:
• at least one atom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, boron, a second halogen that is different from the first halogen, or any combination thereof within a polymeric chain;
• and
• a first amorphous halide salt incorporated in a matrix of the carbonaceous polymeric material, wherein the first amorphous halide salt comprises a cation of one or more metals, wherein the one or more metals comprise the anode metal material and wherein an anion of the first amorphous halide salt comprises the first halogen or the second halogen, or a mixture thereof;
• or
• b) an inorganic material halogenated with a third halogen and comprising:
• one or more elements of Group III and/or Group V, a fourth halogen, or a combination thereof, wherein the fourth halogen is different from the third halogen;
• and
• a second amorphous halide salt incorporated in a matrix of the inorganic material, wherein the second amorphous halide salt comprises a cation of one or more metals, wherein the one or more metals comprise the anode metal material;
• and
• wherein an anion of the second amorphous halide salt comprises the third halogen, the fourth halogen, or a mixture thereof, and
• wherein the composite material is a layer disposed on the electrochemically active surface of the anode metal material.