Microchannel plate image intensifiers and methods of producing the same

An optoelectronic device comprising:

• one or more electron emitting photocathodes disposed between a first substrate and a microchannel plate (MCP), the first substrate having a radiation-receiving surface configured to receive electromagnetic radiation and an opposed surface through which the received electromagnetic radiation is transmitted to the one or more electron emitting photocathodes, the MCP defining a plurality of microchannels extending therethrough;
• a second substrate coupled to the first substrate and defining at least one vacuum cavity between the first substrate and the second substrate such that the one or more electron emitting photocathodes and one or more of the plurality of microchannels are disposed within the at least one vacuum cavity, the second substrate comprising an imaging array on a side of the MCP opposite the first substrate, the imaging array comprising:
• a plurality of metal plates;
• and
• a plurality of capacitors;
• wherein each capacitor of the plurality of capacitors comprises at least a first electrode, wherein the first electrode is connected to at least one corresponding metal plate of the plurality of metal plates, and wherein the plurality of metal plates are configured to collect electrons received from the MCP to alter charges on the corresponding plurality of capacitors to produce a digital image responsive to electromagnetic radiation received at the first substrate.