# US 2025/0153441 A1 · Extrusion based additive manufacturing

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- Number: US 2025/0153441 A1
- Document ID: US20250153441A1
- Status: Published application
- Kind: A1
- Application number: 18/838,286
- Filed: 2023-02-14
- Published: 2025-05-15
- Earliest claimed: 2022-02-15
- Assignees: Demcon Bond 3D B.V.
- Applicants: DEMCON bond 3D B.V.
- Inventors: Marloes Alexandra KUIPER-HARTMAN; Nienke KOOPMANS; Johannes Franciscus DE VRIES; Cleiton André COMELLI; Oana Roxana GHITA; Richard Paul DAVIES
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20250153441A1

## CPC

- B29C 64/386: Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B29C 64/118: using filamentary material being melted, e.g. fused deposition modelling [FDM]
- B29C 64/188: involving additional operations performed on the added layers, e.g. smoothing, grinding or thickness control (surface shaping B29C59/00; after-treatment of articles without altering their shape B29C71/00)
- B29C 64/194: during lay-up
- B29C 64/209: Heads; Nozzles
- B33Y 10/00: Processes of additive manufacturing
- B33Y 30/00: Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B33Y 50/00: Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- G05B 19/4099: Surface or curve machining, making three-dimensional [3D] objects, e.g. desktop manufacturing
- B29K 2071/00: Use of polyethers {, e.g. PEEK, i.e. polyether-etherketone or PEK, i.e. polyetherketone or derivatives thereof}, as moulding material
- B29K 2995/004: Semi-crystalline
- B29K 2995/0077: Yield strength; Tensile strength
- G05B 2219/49023: 3-D printing, layer of powder, add drops of binder in layer, new powder
- B29C: SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING (making preforms B29B11/00; making laminated products by combining previously unconnected layers which become one product whose layers will remain together B32B37/00 - B32B41/00)
- B33Y: ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- G05B: CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS (systems for controlling or regulating non-electric variables G05D; systems for regulating electric or magnetic variables G05F; control devices or systems insofar as characterised by mechanical features only G05G)
- B29K: INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR {MOULDS, } REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS

## Abstract

An additive manufacturing method in a heatable build room. A semi-crystalline modelling material is deposited through a nozzle on a build base or on a previously deposited slice. The crystallinity (%) of the modelling material of the previously deposited slice is above a remaining crystallinity threshold. The crystallinity, at least at a region where a new track is deposited by the printhead on said previously deposited slice, and within a time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited, is controlled such that the crystallinity by default is going below the remaining crystallinity threshold and such that it selectively is maintained above said remaining crystallinity threshold, or the other way around. The crystallinity being controlled by e.g. controlling the temperature of the build room or of the nozzle; or selectively and locally cooling or heating the object at the region where the next track is deposited.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for manufacturing a three dimensional object by additive manufacturing (extrusion based modelling), wherein tracks of modelling material are deposited in slices by means of a printhead inside a heatable build room, said printhead being connected to a three dimensional positioning system, wherein in each slice a plurality of tracks of a (semi-) crystalline modelling material is deposited through a nozzle of the printhead on a build base or on the tracks of a previously deposited slice, whereby a body is formed by depositing the modelling material slice by slice,
wherein: the crystallinity (%) of the modelling material of said previously deposited slice is above a remaining crystallinity threshold,
said crystallinity, at least at a region where a new track is deposited by the printhead on said previously deposited slice, and within a time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited, is controlled such that said crystallinity by default is going below said remaining crystallinity threshold and such that it selectively is maintained above said remaining crystallinity threshold, or
said crystallinity, at least at a region where a new track is deposited by the printhead on said previously deposited slice, and within a time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited, is controlled such that said crystallinity by default remains above said remaining crystallinity threshold and such that it selectively goes below said remaining crystallinity threshold,
the crystallinity being controlled by at least one of the following:
controlling the build room temperature;
controlling the temperature of the nozzle of the printhead;
selectively and locally cooling or heating the object at said region where the next track is deposited.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein said remaining crystallinity threshold is 10% and wherein the crystallinity is controlled such that it is lower than the threshold, preferably less than 8%, more preferably less than 6%, more preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 4%, more preferably less than 3%, more preferably less than 2% when a slice region of a body portion having a first tensile strength is deposited, and such that the crystallinity is higher than the remaining crystallinity threshold, preferably between 10% and 20%, when a slice region of a body portion is deposited having a second tensile strength, which is lower than the first tensile strength.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the modelling material is deposited within the build room having a temperature set to a build room temperature (Tor), at which the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, the remaining crystallinity is less than 5% when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
the slice region temperature is controlled locally to a temperature (Tsr) by cooling the body at a region surrounding the location where the modelling material is deposited, at which temperature (Tsr) the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks, preferably four tracks, of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, the remaining crystallinity is more than 10% when one of said at least three, preferably four, tracks is deposited by the printhead.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The method according to claim 3, wherein the modelling material is PEEK and wherein the build room temperature (Tor) ranges between 260° C. and 300° C., preferably is in a range 260° C. and 280° C., and the slice region temperature (Tsr) is controlled to a temperature in a range between 200° C. and 240° C., preferably between 210° C. and 230° C., more preferably to about 220° C.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein:
the modelling material is deposited within the build room having a temperature set to a build room temperature (Tor), at which the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks meet, the crystallinity in said time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited is above the remaining crystallinity threshold, thus preferably more than 10%, when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
the slice region temperature is controlled locally to a temperature (Tsr) by heating the body at a region surrounding the location where the modelling material is deposited, at which temperature (Tsr) the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks meet, is below the remaining crystallinity threshold, preferably is less than 5%, when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein:
a plurality of first tracks of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead under a first pressure, wherein the first tracks are spaced apart so as to leave a gap between them; and
a second track of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead in each of the gaps between the deposited first tracks under a second pressure, which is higher than the first pressure, such that the gaps are filled entirely.

### Claim 7

An extrusion based additive manufacturing apparatus comprising:
a build room adapted to be heated,
a temperature control system to control a process temperature inside the build room,
a build base located in the build room to support an object to be manufactured,
a print head located in the build room, the print head comprising a nozzle for depositing (semi-) crystalline thermoplastic modelling material to build the object to be manufactured, and the print head comprising a heating device to liquify the modelling material fed to the printhead in an initial solid state,
wherein the print head and/or the base are coupled to a 3D positioning system to move the print head and/or the base relative to each other, allowing to deposit tracks of modelling material to build the object to be manufactured,
wherein the temperature control system has a “strength mode” and an “aesthetic mode” and is adapted to toggle between said “strength mode” and said “aesthetic mode” while manufacturing the object,
wherein:
the control system has a setpoint for the build room temperature which corresponds to the “strength mode”, and the apparatus comprises a (precision) cooling device adapted to selectively and locally lower the temperature of the object to a temperature corresponding to the “aesthetic mode”; or
the control system has a setpoint for the build room temperature which corresponds to the “aesthetic mode”, and the apparatus comprises a (precision) heating device adapted to selectively and locally raise the temperature of the object to a temperature, which corresponds to the “strength mode”.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The apparatus according to claim 7,
wherein the setpoint for the build room temperature corresponding to the “strength mode” is selected for the specific modelling material such that when the crystallinity of the modelling material is determined at a location where at least three tracks meet, the crystallinity is less than a predefined remaining crystallinity threshold when one of said at least three tracks is deposited; and
wherein the setpoint for the build room temperature corresponding to the “aesthetic mode” is selected for the specific modelling material such that when the crystallinity of the modelling material is determined at a location where at least three tracks meet, the crystallinity is more than a predefined remaining crystallinity threshold when one of said at least three tracks is deposited.

### Claim 9

A method for the additive manufacturing of an object of a (semi-) crystalline modelling material having a melting temperature Tm, wherein tracks of modelling material are deposited in slices by means of a printhead inside the build room at an extrudate temperature Textr, wherein in each slice a plurality of tracks of the (semi-) crystalline thermoplastic modelling material is deposited by the printhead on a build base or on the tracks of a previously deposited slice, wherein:
the temperature of the build room (Tbr) ranges between (2*Tm-Textr+14) and (2*Tm-Textr+54)
wherein part of the tracks in a slice are printed in an aesthetic mode and part of the tracks are printed in a strength mode,
wherein the temperature at a location where at least three tracks meet, in the aesthetic mode is controlled by local cooling and ranges between (2*Tm-Textr−56) and (2*Tm-Textr+4),
wherein the temperature at a location where at least three tracks, preferably four tracks meet in the strength mode is controlled to be in the range (2*Tm-Textr+14) and (2*Tm-Textr+54).

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The method according to claim 9, wherein the modelling material is PEEK having a Tm of 343° C., wherein Textr ranges between 410° C. and 450° C.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The method according to claim 10, wherein Tor ranges between 250° C. and 290° C., preferably between 260° C. and 280° C., more preferably between 265° C. and 280° C., most preferably between 270° C. and 280° C.

### Claim 12

A method for determining a process temperature of a build room for additive manufacturing (extrusion based modelling) wherein tracks of modelling material are deposited in slices by means of a printhead inside the build room, wherein in each slice a plurality of tracks of a (semi-) crystalline thermoplastic modelling material is deposited by the printhead on a build base or on the tracks of a previously deposited slice,
wherein:
the crystallinity of the modelling material is determined at a location where at least three tracks of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet,
a first process temperature (T1) is determined at which the crystallinity is less than 5% when one of said at least three tracks is deposited, and/or
a second process temperature (T2) is determined at which the crystallinity is more than 10% when one of said at least three tracks is deposited.

### Claim 13 (depends on 12)

The method according to claim 12, wherein a temperature-time characteristic is determined by a thermal simulation for said location where at least three tracks of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, using a given set of process conditions, and wherein the temperature-time characteristic is used as input in the MEMS-DSC device whereby the crystallinity for this temperature time characteristic is measured.

### Claim 14 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the modelling material is PEEK.

### Claim 15 (depends on 1)

The method according to, claim 1 wherein the 3D object is made with at least an object portion optimized for shape accuracy and an object portion optimized for strength, wherein the object portion optimized for accuracy has at least 30% better shape accuracy than an object portion optimized for strength, wherein the shape accuracy is determined according to ISO 2768.

### Claim 16 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein an object is manufactured from PEEK, the nozzle of the printhead has a diameter of 0.6 mm, the track width is 0.72 mm and the track height is 0.15 mm, and wherein the object has object portions having a shape inaccuracy less than 2 mm according to ISO 2768.

### Claim 17 (depends on 2)

The method according to claim 2, wherein:
the modelling material is deposited within the build room having a temperature set to a build room temperature (Tbr), at which the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, the remaining crystallinity is less than 5% when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
the slice region temperature is controlled locally to a temperature (Tsr) by cooling the body at a region surrounding the location where the modelling material is deposited, at which temperature (Tsr) the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks, preferably four tracks, of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, the remaining crystallinity is more than 10% when one of said at least three, preferably four, tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
wherein the modelling material is PEEK and wherein the build room temperature (Tor) ranges between 260° C. and 300° C., preferably is in a range 260° C. and 280° C., and the slice region temperature (Tsr) is controlled to a temperature in a range between 200° C. and 240° C., preferably between 210° C. and 230° C., more preferably to about 220° C.

### Claim 18 (depends on 2)

The method according to claim 2, wherein:
the modelling material is deposited within the build room having a temperature set to a build room temperature (Tor), at which the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks meet, the crystallinity in said time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited is above the remaining crystallinity threshold, thus preferably more than 10%, when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
the slice region temperature is controlled locally to a temperature (Tsr) by heating the body at a region surrounding the location where the modelling material is deposited, at which temperature (Tsr) the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks meet, is below the remaining crystallinity threshold, preferably is less than 5%, when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead.

### Claim 19 (depends on 2)

The method according to claim 2, wherein:
a plurality of first tracks of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead under a first pressure, wherein the first tracks are spaced apart so as to leave a gap between them; and
a second track of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead in each of the gaps between the deposited first tracks under a second pressure, which is higher than the first pressure, such that the gaps are filled entirely.

### Claim 20 (depends on 17)

The method according to claim 17, wherein:
a plurality of first tracks of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead under a first pressure, wherein the first tracks are spaced apart so as to leave a gap between them; and
a second track of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead in each of the gaps between the deposited first tracks under a second pressure, which is higher than the first pressure, such that the gaps are filled entirely.