Transparent Radio Frequency Antenna and EMI Shield

An EMI shield, comprising:

• a substrate;
• a conductive layer on a surface of the substrate and comprising either a metal mesh (MM) layer that comprises a metallic grid composed of ultranarrow interconnected spaced linear metal structures or a nanowire layer that comprises nanowires randomly distributed on the surface and with diameters that are less than their lengths;
• and
• a signal enhancement layer directly on top of the conductive layer and that comprises conductive nanoparticles that comprise one or both of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, wherein the signal enhancement layer is made from an ink that comprises between 0.05 grams and 0.5 grams of the conductive nanoparticles per liter of ink.

A carbon nanoparticle hybrid antenna, comprising:

• a substrate;
• a conductive layer on a surface of the substrate and comprising either a metal mesh (MM) layer that comprises a metallic grid composed of ultranarrow interconnected spaced linear metal structures or a nanowire layer that comprises nanowires randomly distributed on the surface and with diameters that are less than their lengths;
• and
• a signal enhancement layer directly on top of the conductive layer and that comprises conductive nanoparticles that comprise one or both of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, wherein the signal enhancement layer further comprises a binder, wherein the ratio of binder to conductive nanoparticles is 1:1, 20:1, 100:1, 200:1, 240:1, 300:1 or 400:1.