Toner

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin,

• wherein the toner particle comprises a toner base particle and a silicon polymer composite present at a surface of the toner base particle,
• the silicon polymer composite comprises
• a silicon polymer and
• at least one specific metal atom selected from the group consisting of metal atoms included in Groups 3 to 13, and
• when, a ratio of the number of the specific metal atom to a sum of the numbers of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, and the specific metal atom obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on the toner is defined as ME, and a ratio of the number of the silicon atom to a sum of the numbers of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, and the specific metal atom obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on the toner is defined as SiE, and
• in an EDS mapping image of constituent elements in a cross section of the toner obtained by analyzing with use of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the cross section of the toner observed with a transmission electron microscope, a ratio of the number of the specific metal atom to a sum of the numbers of a silicon atom and the specific metal atom in a region outside a contour of the toner base particle is defined as MX,
• the ME, the SiE, and the MX satisfy Formulae (1) and (2) below:
• 0.5
• ≤
• (
• ME
• /
• Si
• ⁢
• E
• )
• /
• MX
• ≤
• 2.5
• ;
• and
• (
• 1
• )
• 5.
• ×
• 10
• -
• 3
• ≤
• MX
• ≤
• 6.
• ×
• 10
• -
• 2
• .
• (
• 2
• )