Hyperspectral and fluorescence imaging with topology laser scanning in a light deficient environment

A system comprising:

• an emitter comprising a plurality of sources of electromagnetic radiation that emits a plurality of pulses of electromagnetic radiation;
• an image sensor comprising a pixel array that senses reflected electromagnetic radiation;
• and
• a controller in electrical communication with the image sensor and the emitter;
• wherein the pixel array senses the reflected electromagnetic radiation to generate a plurality of exposure frames that correspond in time with the plurality of pulses of electromagnetic radiation;
• wherein the plurality of sources of electromagnetic radiation comprises one or more specialty sources of electromagnetic radiation comprising a spectral source of electromagnetic radiation configured to emit electromagnetic radiation with a waveband selected to elicit a spectral response from a tissue and one or more of:
• a mapping source of electromagnetic radiation configured to emit electromagnetic radiation for generating mapping information, or
• a fluorescence excitation source of electromagnetic radiation configured to emit electromagnetic radiation for exciting a tissue;
• wherein the plurality of exposure frames comprises one or more specialty exposure frames corresponding to the spectral source of electromagnetic radiation;
• wherein the plurality of exposure frames comprises one or more specialty exposure frames corresponding to one or more of:
• the mapping source of electromagnetic radiation, or
• the fluorescence excitation source of electromagnetic radiation;
• and
• wherein one or more specialty exposure frames is used to generate a specialty overlay image frame.