Battery system operation

A system comprising:

• a memory storing instructions therein;
• and
• one or more processors communicatively coupled with the memory, the one or more processors being configured to execute the instructions to:
• determine a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over a range of one or more frequencies;
• determine an in situ complex impedance, over the range of one or more frequencies, of each of one or more cells of a battery with measurement equipment, the battery and the measurement equipment in situ in an end use system, the measurement equipment comprising one more sense conductors operatively coupled to each one or more cell and one or more force conductors operatively coupled to the battery;
• and
• for each particular cell of the battery:
• determine a model complex impedance that, when in combination with the complex impedance of the particular cell, accounts at least in part for a difference between the in situ complex impedance of the particular cell and the reference complex impedance;
• adjust the in situ complex impedance of the particular cell as a function of the model complex impedance;
• and
• control operation of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each of the particular cells.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer executable instructions, the instructions when executed by one or more processors in a network operative to:

• determine a reference complex impedance of a reference cell over a range of one or more frequencies;
• determine an in situ complex impedance, over the range of one or more frequencies, of each of one or more cells of a battery with measurement equipment, the battery and the measurement equipment in situ in an end use system, the measurement equipment comprising one more sense conductors operatively coupled to each one or more cell and one or more force conductors operatively coupled to the battery;
• for each particular cell of the battery:
• determine a model complex impedance that, when in combination with the complex impedance of the particular cell, accounts at least in part for a difference between the in situ complex impedance of the particular cell and the reference complex impedance;
• and
• adjust the in situ complex impedance of the particular cell as a function of the model complex impedance;
• and
• control operation of the battery based on the adjusted complex impedance of each of the particular cells.