Apparatus and methods for generating condensed plasmoids

An apparatus for use in generating condensed plasmoids, the apparatus including a reactor, the reactor including:

• a chamber for containing a reactant gas;
• at least one pair of electrodes at least partially extending into the chamber, the at least one pair of electrodes including at least one cathode and at least one anode;
• and
• an interelectrode gap formed between the at least one pair of electrodes;
• wherein:
• the at least one pair of electrodes include connections for connection to an electrical circuit, the electrical circuit including a power supply for applying an electric potential difference between the at least one pair of electrodes to form a plasma of the reactant gas in the interelectrode gap through which an interelectrode discharge traverses, and
• the cathode has an electron discharge material, the electron discharge material including a semiconductor material from which clusters of electrons emit, thereby forming condensed plasmoids in the interelectrode discharge.