Compositions and methods for diagnosis, treatment of and prevention of kidney disease

The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the sample is blood, urine or both and the detecting comprises detecting antigens associated with XO or XDH or both, or amino acid chain fragments of XO or XDH. 7, The method of any of claims 1-6, wherein the xanthine oxidase inhibitor comprises oxypurinol. 8 The method of claim 7, wherein the composition further comprises an organic base, wherein the organic base is optionally one or more of L-arginine, D-arginine, choline, L-lysine, D-lysine, caffeine, biguanide, biguanidine or gliflozin.

The method of claim 7, further comprising co-administering a therapeutically effective amount of an organic base.

A method of reducing aberrant purine metabolism associated with kidney disease in a subject in need, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more uric acid lowering agents, wherein the method treats a symptom of cystic disease, and wherein the one or more uric acid lowering agents are optionally selected from the group consisting of xanthine oxidase inhibitor and sirtuin-1 activator.

A method of reducing markers of kidney disease progression in a subject, the method comprising obtaining a sample from a subject;

• and
• detecting a marker for kidney disease, the marker comprising tissue oxygen radicals, uric acid, cytokines, inflammatory cells, fibrosis, mitochondriosis, or Sirtuin-1 in a sample, and
• if the level of marker is above baseline, administering a therapeutically effective amount of UALA and, optionally, co-administering an organic base, to the subject in need.

A method comprising detecting presence of a marker, or a ratio of markers in a biological sample from a subject;

• and if the marker is elevated relative to a baseline or control, or if a ratio of markers is disproportionate to a baseline or control, administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one uric acid lowering agent to the subject.

A method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a uric acid lowering agent to a subject exhibiting elevated xanthine oxidase activity or concentration relative to that of a healthy subject, or a XO/XDH concentration or activity ratio that deviates from that of a healthy subject, in a urine sample of the subject.

A method of monitoring effectiveness of a treatment of polycystic kidney disease comprising

• administering an amount of a uric acid lowering agent to a subject exhibiting elevated xanthine oxidase activity or concentration or elevated xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase activity or concentration ratio in urine in a subject relative to baseline;
• and
• detecting xanthine oxidase concentration or activity or xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase concentration or activity ratio in urine in a subject, wherein a decrease in xanthine oxidase activity or concentration or a migration of the xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase concentration or activity ratio toward baseline indicates effectiveness of treatment.

A composition comprising an amount of a oxypurinol and an amount of metformin, and/or an SGLT2 Inhibitor.

A method of treating polycystic kidney disease that comprises co-administering therapeutically effective amounts of xanthine oxide inhibitor and metformin.

A composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a uric acid lowering agent and a therapeutically effective amount of tolvaptan and/or lixivaptan.

A method of treating polycystic kidney disease that comprises co-administering therapeutically effective amounts of xanthine oxide inhibitor and tolvaptan and/or lixivaptan.

A method of treating cystic disease in a subject in need, the method comprising co-administering a therapeutically effective amount of a uric acid lowering agent and gliflozin, wherein gliflozin is co-administered in an amount to increase the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of the uric acid lowering agent.

A method of treating a cystic disease, the method comprising co-administering a therapeutically effective amount of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and a Sirtuin-1 activator.

A method of treating cystic disease in a subject in need, the method comprising co-administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one xanthine oxidase inhibitor and an agent that directly or indirectly decreases expression of xanthine oxidase.

A composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and an agent that directly or indirectly decreases expression of xanthine oxidase.