Immunostimulatory compositions

The composition of any one of claims 1 to 321, wherein the target antigen is selected from a virus antigen, a bacterial antigen, a parasite antigen, and a cancer antigen.

A composition for inducing an immune response to a target antigen in a subject, the composition comprising at least one isolated RNA molecule encoding an immune stimulator that stimulates or otherwise enhances an immune response to the target antigen in a subject, and a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the lipid nanoparticle comprises an iNKT agonist, wherein the iNKT agonist induces proliferation or accumulation of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells in the subject.

The composition of ay one of any one of claims 77 to 819, wherein R2 in Formula (III) is selected from alkyl (e.g., C1-C18, C1-C6, C1-C5, C8-C18, or C9-C18), aryl (e.g., C6-C18), heteroaryl (e.g., C3-C18), carbocyclyl (e.g., C3-C18), heterocyclyl (e.g., C2-C18), alkylaryl (e.g., C7-C24), alkylheteroaryl (e.g., C4-C19), alkylcarbocyclyl (e.g., C4-C18), alkylthioalkyl (e.g., wherein each alkyl is C1-C18), arylthioalkyl (e.g., wherein each alkyl is C7-C18), alkylaminoalkyl (e.g., wherein each alkyl is C1-C18), alkylamidoalkyl (e.g., wherein each alkyl is C1-C18), alkylheterocyclylalkyl (e.g., C3-C18), alkylthio (e.g., C1-C18;

• such as thiomethyl) and alkylheterocyclyl (e.g., C3-C18).

A compound selected from the following GROUP II compounds:

A method of treating an infection in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition that comprises a first agent that comprises an iNKT cell agonist that activates or induces the production of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), together with a second agent comprising an immune stimulator that stimulates or otherwise enhances an immune response to a target antigen in a subject or a polynucleotide sequence encoding an immune stimulator that stimulates or otherwise enhances an immune response to the target antigen in a subject, to thereby treat the infection in the subject.

A method of treating a cancer or tumour in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition that comprises a first agent that comprises an iNKT cell agonist that activates or induces the production of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), together with a second agent comprising an immune stimulator that stimulates or otherwise enhances an immune response to a target antigen in a subject or a polynucleotide sequence encoding an immune stimulator that stimulates or otherwise enhances an immune response to the target antigen in a subject, to thereby treat the cancer or tumour in the subject.

A method of enriching the number of TRM cells in the liver of a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition that comprises a first agent that comprises an iNKT cell agonist that activates or induces the production of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), together with a second agent comprising an immune stimulator that stimulates or otherwise enhances an immune response to a target antigen in a subject or a polynucleotide sequence encoding an immune stimulator that stimulates or otherwise enhances an immune response to the target antigen in a subject, to thereby enhance or stimulate the number of TRM cells in the liver of the subject.

The method of any one of claims 103 to 109, wherein the first agent modifies a phenotype of an iNKT cell.