Directly functionalized electrochmical transisteors, and convection driven ultra-rapid detection of biomarkers using transistors

A biosensor comprising an array of two or more OECTs and a biorecognition layer, wherein the array comprises two or more source electrodes, two or more drain electrodes, two or more corresponding channels, and a common gate electrode, wherein each source electrode pairs with one drain electrode and is electronically connected to the drain electrode via one corresponding channel, and the common gate electrode is removable and is located apart from the source electrodes, the drain electrodes, and the corresponding channels.

A method of integrating a biorecognition layer on an electrode comprising:

• (i) incubating at least a portion of the surface of the electrode with a first incubation solution comprising a first conjugate comprising a first linker and a first peptide binding partner to produce the first peptide binding partner-modified surface via the first linker, and
• (ii) incubating the first peptide binding partner-modified surface with a second incubation solution comprising a second conjugate and a blocking agent, wherein the second conjugate comprises a second binding partner and a biorecognition element, wherein the first peptide binding partner conjugates with the second peptide to form a linkage.

An alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET)-enhanced biosensor comprising an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based biosensor and a conductive layer for inducing ACET, wherein the OECT-based biosensor comprises an OECT and a biorecognition layer, wherein the OECT comprises a source electrode, a drain electrode, a channel, and a gate electrode, wherein the source and drain electrodes are electronically connected via the channel, and the gate electrode is removable and is located apart from the source electrode, the drain electrode, and the channel.