Chemically modified multifunctional inorganic particles

A modified particle comprising an inorganic nanoparticle covalently bound to a plurality of first moieties and to a plurality of second moieties, wherein:

• the first moiety comprises one or more residue selected from an alkyl, and alkenyl or both;
• and
• the second moiety comprises one or more residue selected from the group comprising aromatic ester, a benzoyl ester, an alkyl ester, aromatic thioester, alkyl thioester, haloalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, disulphide, trisulphide, tetrasulphide, mercapto, ether, thioether, amine, amide, amidine, guanidine, carbamate, sulfoxide, sulfone, propylene oxide, or any combination thereof.