Intelligent lead-acid battery module and method of operating the same

A method of monitoring a lead-acid battery system comprising

• a housing defining at least in part a cells compartment and at least in part a battery monitoring system (BMS) compartment, and including a wall disposed between the cells compartment and the BMS compartment,
• (n) cells and an acid solution housed by the cells compartment, (n) being greater than two, and
• a BMS housed by the BMS compartment, the BMS including a processor and memory and a voltage sensing circuit having a plurality of voltage sensors, the method comprising:
• sensing (n) respective cell voltages and determining (n) respective cell voltage values associated with the (n) cells;
• sensing a battery voltage and determining a battery voltage value associated with all of the (n) cells;
• monitoring whether any of the (n) respective cell voltage value traverses a cell threshold value indicating a low cell voltage;
• monitoring whether the battery voltage value traverses a battery threshold value indicating a low battery voltage;
• the BMS determining a state of health of the lead-acid battery system based on the (n) respective cell voltage values and the battery voltage value, including identifying a first state of health for the lead-acid battery system when any of the (n) respective cell voltage value is below the cell threshold value and the battery voltage value is above the battery threshold value and identifying a second state of health for the lead-acid battery system when the battery voltage value is below the battery threshold value;
• generating a first signal of a first potential fault with the first state;
• and
• generating a second signal of a second potential fault with the second state.